The Image of the Big House as a Central Motif in The Real...

The Image of the Big House as a Central Motif in The Real Charlotte The image of the big house has long been a central motif in Anglo-Irish literature. From Maria Edgeworths Castle Rackrent (1800), it has been a source of inspiration to many writers. One of the reason s for the surge in castle rackrents (a generic term employed by Charles Maturin) through the 19th and early 20th century, is that many writers who used the big house as a backdrop to their work were residents of such houses themselves - writers such as Sommerville and Ross, George Moore and Elizabeth Bowen, were born into the ascendancy and wrote about an era and society with which they were familiar. However modern writers, such as Molly Keane and John†¦show more content†¦Sommerville and Ross have not focused on the physical disintegration of the Big House in The Real Charlotte, but as they based the novel on their experiences as part of the Ascendancy, we can see the corrosion of the upper classes stature and power through characterization and setting. The driving force of all Big House fiction is the isolation of the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy both physically and metaphorically. The country homes of the Ascendancy/landlords, were deemed Big Houses because of their grandeur and setting; they were huge in comparison to the cottiers mud cabins and labourers cottages of the Irish natives, thus were unrivalled in the countryside. Elizabeth Bowen accurately described their physical detachment from other social classes: with its stables and farm and gardens deep in trees at the end of long avenues is an island - and, like an island, a world. [3] Their disconnection was deliberate as they generally only interacted with other gentry in the confines of their estates, and consequently their only contact with the native Irish was in their role as master and servant. Although these houses were built to inspire awe in social equals and deference in the lower classes, as Terence Dooley states, such deference in Ireland was: tinged with a sense of resentment because they were built on what most tenant farmers would deem to have been confiscated land. [4] Adding to their image as usurpers was the fact that many wereShow MoreRelatedA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pagesrebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’s repressed passion. This was later to become an accepted interpretation of Bertha. In relating the novel to Charlotte Brontà « the writer, they see the text as ultimately half-optimistic for women’s future in the prospect of a marriage of equals. Others were to read the ending as a compromise with contemporary patriarchal ideals of marriage. Reprinted from TheRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pagesof  King Macbeth of Scotland, Macduff, and  Duncan  in  Holinshed s Chronicles  (1587), a history of England, Scotland and Ireland familiar to Shakespeare and his contemporaries, although the events in the play differ extensively from the history of the real Macbeth. In the backstage world of theatre, some believe that the play is cursed, and will not mention its title aloud, referring to it instead as the Scottish play. Over the course of many centuries, the play has attracted some of the most renownedRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesthe  United States Army,[42]  thus allowing the company to be exempt from sugar rationing.[43] The United States Army permitted Coca-Cola employees to enter the front lines as Technical Officers when in reality they rarely if ever came close to a real battle. Instead, they operated Coke s system of providing refreshments for soldiers, who welcomed the beverage as a reminder of home. As the  Allies of World War II  advanced, so did Coke, which took advantage of the situation by establishing new franchisesRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagessimple fictional accounts of situations and collections of actual organisational data and articles from public sources are not as effective for learning as fully developed cases. A comprehensive case presents you with a partial clinical study of a real-life situation that faced managers as well as other stakeholders, including employees. A case presented in narrative form provides motivation for involvement with and analysis of a specific situation. By framing alternative strategic actions and by

Birth Control, Pregnancy And Fertility Treatments

Over the years, views, knowledge and experiences of reproduction have been affected by many factors including race, gender, class and sexuality. It is often because of stereotypes that women are not given the best possible care when it comes to reproductive processes. This includes birth control, pregnancy and fertility treatments., I will explain how knowledge, practices and experiences are affected by the four factors mentioned above. Gender, race, sexuality, and class all have a great effect on the reproductive process. The first way reproduction is affected is by gender norms and stereotypes. In most societies, a woman’s job is only to give birth and take care of house work. That is the only place where a woman would be more important and useful than men (Almeling and Waggoner 2013). Even then, they are only more useful during the actually carrying of the child for nine to ten months. In every other part of the reproductive process, men and women share an almost equal responsibility. They are both needed to conceive the child, the child has of each parent’s genes. Once that is over, the men are practically useless. Only the woman carries the child, and only the woman gives birth to the child. Afterwards, parents should be taking care of the child together. This time between conceiving and birth is the only time society sees men as weak and useless Generally, women are seen as weak and fragile and not able to deal with much on their own. In some ways, this is true, evenShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hormones On The Body896 Words   |  4 Pageschemicals that mimic estrogen in the body. (Fertility-Health.com, 2008-2015). What is interesting about estrogen in the body is that it is present in the male and female body, but usually only associated with female hormones. Xenoestrogens disrupt hormone regulation causing a variety of health problems. It is even starting to be found in babies at birth, proving that there are outside sources of this agent getting into our bodies and causing harm (Fertility-Health.com, 2008-2015). In men, an overloadRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Procreation Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst technology is intra-uterine insemination (IUI). Intra-uterine insemination is a treatment that is used to increase the chance of fertilization. Such treatments can include the placement of sperm within a female’s uterus. This sperm can come from the husband or from a donor. Treatments can also include ovulation drugs that help the female release multiple eggs. Sperm and egg donation are other avenues of treatment within intra-uterine insemination. Sperm donation is more popular than egg donationRead MoreThe Benefits Of Intrauterine Insemination ( Iui ), And Surrogate Mother Arrangements1682 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies, but have had difficulties in doing so. Aside from adoption, the possibilities for these couples include: Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), In vitro Fertilization (IVI), and Surrogate Mother Arrangements. While these options may result in a pregnancy, they are n ot without risk and must be considered prayerfully, as they carry a moral and ethical weight. First, Intrauterine Insemination, also known as artificial insemination, is a process commonly used for unexplained infertility in which speciallyRead MoreHuman Consumption Is Depleting The Earth s Natural Resources And Impairing The Capacity Of Life Supporting Ecosystems1389 Words   |  6 Pagesthe demographic transition). Strengthening family-planning services is crucial to slowing population growth, now 85 million annually,(Essential Environment, Human Population,page 118) and limiting population size to 9.2 billion by 2050. Otherwise, birth rates could remain unchanged, and world population would grow to 11 billion.(Essential Environment, Human Population,page 120). Indonesia is the 4th most populated country on the planet, making up 3.49% of the earths population, behind China, IndiaRead More Eating Disorders and Reproduction Essay2377 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the more serious problems associated with eating disorders that may convince a young woman to seek treatment, is the negative effect disordered eating can have on fertility, pregnancy, and child rearing in general. In multiple studies anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified, have been associated with infertility, low maternal weight gain, low birth weight in infants, increased neonatal morbidity, and problems in infant feeding (Stewart, 1992). Women whoRead MoreEssay about Fertility Treatments3798 Words   |  16 PagesFertility Treatments I. Introduction It is assumed by most that we will all be able to grow up, fall in love, get married, and then have children of our own. This is not the lifestyle that all people choose, but it is still the view accepted by the majority of society. What happens when the unthinkable occurs and a happily married couple is unable to get pregnant? This is a reality for 7.1%, or 2.8 million, of the married couples in the United States (Lenox, 1999). Today, there are manyRead MoreThe Sexual Division Of Labor1641 Words   |  7 Pagespregnant for years, having two miscarriages. According to Wilcox et al., 31% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, thus having two is not particularly noteworthy. Causes of miscarriages can range to an unfit fetus to consumption of caffeine and/or alcohol, and smoking. However, the latter miscarriage was at 28 weeks, well into the fetal stage. After this devastating loss, X pursued fertility treatments. Traditional methods of fertility enhancement are oral consumption, intra-vag inal, mechanical, and magico-religiousRead MoreIvf, The Procedure, Risks And Complications Of Ivf Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesconceive are looking for alternatives in childbearing (IVF 2016). This essay will discuss the history of IVF, the procedures, risks and complications of IVF. Lastly what alternative procedures other than IVF there are to assist child birth? In Vitro Fertilization is a fertility procedure in which medical physicians remove eggs from the ovaries of a female, fertilize them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the female’s uterus where they implant and growth begins. (Kamel 2013) The firstRead MoreFamily Planning2917 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management. Family planning is sometimes used in the wrong way also as a synonym for the use of birth control, though it often includes more. It is most usually applied to a female-maleRead MoreThe Birth Control Of Women937 Words   |  4 Pages Male Birth Control The birth control pill took the nation by storm when first being introduced over fifty years ago. When the oil was first introduced in the late 1950’s, numerous American women both single and married were thrilled (People Events: Mrs. America: Women s Roles in the 1950s , 2001). They were so open to the pill due to social factors that affected their reproductive lives (People Events: Mrs. America: Women s Roles in the 1950s , 2001). Since being introduced in the United

Public Utility of Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) Free Essays

The Congress enacted Public Utility of Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978 to answer the energy crisis that U. S. was facing (470 U. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Utility of Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. 1075). Section 210 of Title II provides that the act shall promote for the development of alternative energy resources by stopping the practice of electric utilities in purchasing power from non-traditional facilities (470 U. S. 1075). In addition, the act also authorized the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or FERC to implement the act by promulgating rules necessary to encourage cogeneration and small power production (470 U.S. 1075). The function of FERC includes also the setting of rate of electricity (470 U. S. 1075). Moreover, the act required the rates to be just and reasonable and non-discriminatory and shall not exceed the incremental cost of the electric utility of alternative electric energy (470 U. S. 1075). Pursuant to said act, FERC adopted the maximum rate which is the incremental of full- avoided cost and required all utilities to purchase from qualifying facilities (470 U. S. 1075). The state of New York has set minimum rate of six per kilowatt hour. The appellant argued that it cannot pay such amount because its avoided cost fell below that amount (470 U. S. 1075). PROCEDURE: The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court granted the petition because the rate of six cents per kilowatt hour exceeded the federally mandated avoided cost rate (470 U. S. 1075). The respondent here appealed to Court of Appeals and it reversed the decision of the lower court on the ground that the federal law and the statute are complementary and the statute is consistent with the purpose of the act. ISSUE: Can the state require utilities to pay more than the full avoided cost rate for their mandatory purchases? HOLDING: Yes, the state can. REASONING: There is no question as to the rate implemented by the state because the Act authorizes it. The state can freely enact regulations or laws providing rates as long as it achieves the purpose of the Act. Furthermore, there is no substantial issue than can be debated and so the case is dismissed. DISSENTING: The Act and the state’s regulations should be clearly interpreted. The decision of CA is contradictory to the case in Kansas where the court held that the state regulatory commission could not set rates for purchases from cogenerations that were higher than the avoided cost (470 U. S. 1075). Moreover, the state may have jurisdiction to set the rates under PURPA but the extent of their authority shall be settled (470 U. S. 1075). In addition, Justice White found that there are various cases similar to this and the states also have different approaches as to the setting of the rate under the PURPA (470 U. S. 1075). These cases may occur again in the future and in order to avoid it, the issue shall be resolved. Furthermore, the Justice found the issue as important and open for debate (470 U. S. 1075) Works Cited â€Å"Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. v. Public Service Commission of New York, et al (470 U. S. 1075). † 2003. The New York Times. 23 May 2008 http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/cgi-bin/getcase. pl? court=USvol=470invol=1075friend=nytimes. â€Å"How To Brief A Case. † 2006. 4Lawschool. com. 23 May 2008 http://www. How to cite Public Utility of Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), Papers

CSR on International Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about CSR on International Business. Answer: Abstract This paper mainly discusses about the impact of CSR on International business. It also talks about the several trends in the history of emergence of CSR. There is also the discussion of the pros and cons of the corporate and social responsibility of the well known International companies. The paper also goes on towards the discussion of the legal obligations that the companies must always take into consideration while adopting the CSR activities. There is also the example of many well known companies that have been often highly criticized because of the unethical and illegal activities that were taken up by hose companies. It also talks about the newest adaptations that have been made in UAE as a part of the joint effort towards taking up of the CSR activities. The importance of Corporate Social Responsibility on International Business CSR or the corporate social responsibility is a very important aspect of any and every business organization in the present day business scenario. In this modern day the needs and demands of people have underwent a sea change (Boulouta and Pitelis 2014). The business organizations have also realized that in order to flourish in the long run they need to take up several over additional responsibilities apart from just satisfying their customers. As a result of this the companies have started this new approach called the CSR or the corporate social responsibility. This is basically a new and innovative business model that enables the business organizations to promote sustainable development for all their stakeholders. This can be done by generating several social, economic and environmental benefits for each and every stakeholder. It is also very important for the multinational companies to be able to utilize their corporate social responsibility as a part of their overall business. Th is will not only benefit the society but also will be quite helpful towards the business organization itself. It is also very much essential for the Multinational companies to make sure that they are very much capable in taking up their responsibility towards the environment and also towards all their stakeholders (Boulouta and Pitelis 2014). This paper will be dealing with the influence of corporate social responsibility over the International Business. Research Methodology Qualitative analysis method has been used in order to get an overview of the emergence of CSR in the historical framework. Different aspects of CSR of the international companies have been described. This analysis has also dealt with the kinds of CSR that the global companies can deal. The results also show what can be the pros and cons of adopting the CSR activities. Hypothesis CSR activities will help in increasing the brand loyalty of the international companies. Brands loyalty is one of the most important aspects of the present market scenario. In order to survive in the long run, the companies will have to provide their customers with something that is beyond the reach of their competitors (Brammer and Mellahi 2015). CSR of the international companies can make the company reputation suffer. In order to carry on the CSR, the companies will need extra fund that will ultimately be gathered from the customers itself. This will make some additions in the usual price of the products. As the area of operation of internal companies is large they deal with many different customers. Each of them has a different mindset (Soeberg and van Zandwijk 2016). As a result of this, many customers may refuse to pay the extra additional price and switch over to alternatives. CSR will enhance the overall production, popularity and goodwill of the International business. Customers will not be reluctant to pay a bit more for purchasing the products of the company if they see a noble cause behind it like the companys effort to help the poor children for education, or compensating the customer losses, or donating for some social service (Tai and Chuang 2014). To analyze the importance of corporate social responsibility in international business 1930s- The term CSR for the first time came into act. It was perhaps because Professors A.A Berle AND Prof C.G Means at the Harvard University wanted to work upon something that would make the organizations much more responsible towards taking up more responsibilities after the Great Depression. 1960s-1970s- All the companies were being encouraged to take up the different CSR activities related to the social, environmental, economic activities. 1980s-1990s- IUCN created a world conservation strategy as per which the business organizations were asked to contribute towards a more stable economy, and also help in supporting the poverty stricken population. The triple bottom line business model was also invented. The corporate social responsibility is a new kind of business approach that has been used up by different business organizations. However in the recent years, all the different business organizations are demanding for raising the matter of the corporate social responsibility and making it compulsory for all the companies. All the companies usually play a very important role in the society. In other words, it is the different business organizations which are responsible for making the lives of people easy by providing them with all the necessary components of day to day life. It is therefore essential for the business organizations to contribute more towards the society. The companies must therefore try to play a very vital role in the society. However this must be noted at the same time that the corporate and social responsibility is not really a very new concept. It is something that has been present since time in memoriam. The concept of the corporate and social responsibility is basically aimed at using the environmental resources in a very sensitive way. In other words the business organizations that are mainly engrossed in the manufacturing of several goods and services must also know how to take up their responsibility towards the nature. The business organizations must not give priority only to money making but they must also keep in mind that they have some responsibility towards their environment as well. However the very origin of the corporate and social responsibility can be traced back into time of Bible and the holy Christian scriptures where God created The Earth and also man (Brammer and Mellahi 2015). This is a common fact that is known to all. However the most important connection that we can derive from here and relate it with the concept of Corporate and social responsibility is evident from the fact that man was instructed by God to fill the Earth and to govern it. Same is the case w ith business organizations. They must make sure that none of their activities are harming the environment in any way. They must also keep aside a certain portion of their profit for being donated in several social developmental works. As far as the Multinational companies are concerned, taking up the usage of the corporate social responsibility has become all the very essential. As they International business is usually carried on a very large scale, it is natural that they have to deal with a large number of stakeholders and also have to look after a large number of transactions taking place across several different countries. The main concept main concept of the CSR is a particular set of conducts that the companies must abide by while treating their customers. CSR comprises of several rules that the company will have to keep in mind while carrying on its day to day activity. CSR of the multinational companies will mainly be evaluated on the basis of the companys attitude towards the community. In other words, the CSR of the company will mainly be conducted through the waste management, elimination of wastes, efficient and productive use of resources of the company (Tai and Chuang 2014). However it must be taken into account that corporate social responsibility is not always the same thing for all the organizations. Many think that it is just related to legal considerations, while others may often consider it as a charitable means. As the multinational companies usually operate in many different countries, they often face many different kinds of problems and have to face many new kinds of social, ethical and environmental problems. The business organizations must be able to understand and take up their responsibility towards the society and must always try to do something good for the welfare of all the people of society. This can include activities like supporting the poor and the underprivileged people, or some contributions for the remote village areas by contributing a good amount of donations for street lightning and several other such activities (Brammer and Mellahi 2015).Corporate and social responsibility is also of great importance in teaching the companies about the unethical practices that they often continue like that of appointment of child labor, keeping the employees in general and specially the minor children as the bonded labor. As the CSR of the company is very much associated with the legal obligations as well, it is also very essential for the companies to pay very much importance to it. There are innumerable examples where the renowned and the well known companies have often neglected this legal obligation, Some good examples can be Nike, Nestle, James Hardie and several other such companies. This is really very much unfortunate that such well known companies which are very much involved in the global or the international business have been involved in such unethical and harmful activities. These activities were adopted and followed by these international companies only in order to satisfy their own personal benefits. Nike is a very well known universally establish company that was highly criticized for having overlooked its legal and ethical consideration by appointing and employing the young and minor children as labor In this way they were promoting or rather taking the help of child labor which is an universal crime. As a well known responsible company they must have contributed towards supporting the poor and the unprivileged children. Same was the case with Nestle as well. Though it is one of the most well known and u universally recognized company. Nestle has also been criticized on a large scale to have ignored the legal considerations and have used several unethical means. They have also made use of bonded child labor in order to utilize the supply chain for their products. Another such example can be that of James Hardie Company. One of the most important aspects of the corporate and social responsibility of the multinational companies must be to make sure that none of their activities are causing any harm to their consumers (Soeberg and van Zandwijk 2016). The central idea of the corporate and social activity of the companies is to contribute towards the well being of the society. However James Hardie products were harming the customers a great deal by creating asbestos related diseases. It was from the building materials of this company that the consumers were rapidly getting affected from the asbestos related disease. In such cases it was the prior responsibility of the company to have helped the consumers by providing them with ample compensations or by taking up the entire responsibility of bearing the treatment of the affected consumers. However nothing such was seen in this case. The company made up efforts from its own end to help those people. Another such example is that of Ford Pinto that went to such a great extent of risking up the lives of their customers by allowing a certain flawed car design to pass on (Tai and Chuang 2014). Though it was known to the company that this kind of a design will have fatal results, they allowed this model to be designed only because it would have been cheaper for them to pay off the law suits very easily. This flawed model of the car had resulted into the accidents and death of many customers. Hence, it is very much evident that the legal considerations are very much a part of the corporate and social responsibility of the companies which they must always adhere to. There are several pros and cons of the corporate and social responsibility that is taken up by the companies. Advantages of CSR on Companies In the present day scenario all the multinational companies have to maintain a very good customer relationship in order to maintain their image worldwide. This is very much related to the trust, consistency and the credibility. Maintaining a good CSR is likely to enhance the relationship between the company and the consumers. The increased consumer attachment is likely to bring many financial benefits for the company (Wood 2015). Improved innovation and competitiveness The multinational companies will be able to use the CSR as a very good opportunity of increasing their innovation. CSR usually acts as the opportunity identifier for the companies because many stakeholders will be sharing their valuable feedbacks that the companies can use for their betterment (Hadfield and Measham 2015). Positive publicity It is needless to state that in the modern day business scenario needs to pay huge attention on its publicity so that they can enjoy a very good reputation across all the regions of their operation. A good CSR will always help in increasing the publicity of the company. This is because the consumers will never mind to pay a little extra for buying the products of a company if they see a noble cause behind it (Brammer and Mellahi 2015). A very good example can be the advertisement of many companies that are often telecast on television in order to make the customers aware about the CSR of the companies. The advertisements show that buying several products of that company will help in contributing towards the education of the poor children or for the medical treatment of the poor who cannot afford it on their own. This will make more customers interested in buying the products of the company and the reputation of the company will also be enhanced. Disadvantages of CSR on companies Shift from profit making objective Though it is said that CSR always helps in making the company have a long lasting and good reputation but at the same time it also makes the company shift its attention from the profit making objective (Wood 2015). In the attempt of promoting the welfare for the community, the companies start keeping aside their funds and other resources. This however makes the company pay much less attention on its shareholders. The companies often forget that they have to work for their stakeholders and also make profits for them. Company reputation takes a hit As per the policies of the CSR, the companies need to disclose all their errors to the customers regarding their products. Often this creates a negative impact on the customers when the companies have to declare their already sold out products as flawed and call them back. This takes away the customer base from the hands of the company and also earns them a very negative ratio. Increase in the cost of production The companies will naturally have to bear a huge amount of expenditure in order to adopt and carry on with the CSR activities. If the companies want to keep aside and use a certain amount of their profit for some of the welfare activities of the company, then this extra fund has to be somehow raised by the company (Hadfield and Measham 2015). This can only be arranged if the company takes extra amount of money from their customers. However the customers might feel reluctant in paying more prices for the products. This is because of the fact that not every customer is of the same type. Particularly in case of the multinational companies this is very much visible because these companies have to operate over a large number of areas and the economy of all the different regions is also different. Hence, the customers operating in such large area of operation will not be of the same mindset. So, some of the customers will be reluctant to pay extra amount of money for the same products. At the same time there will be some customers who will have no problem in paying the extra additional price of the product if the company is having a noble case behind it. Legislations and provisions related to CSR As the multinational companies are the ones that usually operate over a large area they often have to face many different kinds of legal obligations as well. Different countries have different kinds of legal system. Often the legal system of many countries are too much complicated a d the companies have to suffer through a lot of difficulties in order to get the legal formalities done (He and Lai 2014). However if the companies are to carry on with their CSR properly, then they will have to undergo with all these difficulties and the legal formalities done. They will have to keep this in and that they cannot ignore the legal considerations of they are o promote the welfare of the community in the long run. Companies like Nestle have been highly criticized to have been involved in many unethical and illegal practices thus having overlooked the legal consideration of their corporate and social responsibility. Hence, it can be stated that in the modern day scenario it is very essential for the MNCS to take up the CSR activities. Though the companies will have to undergo several difficulties in this process, but they will have to overcome it. However they companies will have to keep pace with the 21st century scenario and they have to emphasize on a multidimensional aspect. They have to take in consideration the area of their operation, the demographic and the psychographic aspects of the consumers, the geographical location of their outlets and several other such factors (He and Lai 2014).. The companies will have to realize the fact that they can and must take an active participation in the pro motion of the social welfare. Particularly, the MNCs have a huge scope for this. Taking up the CSR activities will also enable the firms to maintain a good reputation all over their areas of operation. Many important companies all over the world have started taking up many important steps towards t he economic and social development. There are many important companies that have taken up many important CSR activities in order to serve for the welfare of the community and also for creating a good brand image for themselves. Some of the important and well known companies that are known for best CSR activities are Google, The Walt Disney Company, Microsoft and many others. One of the important influences that CSR has over the international business is the rand loyalty. It is a known fact that the present market scenario is a very competitive one and the companies need to work hard in order to survive in the long run. One of the most important moves that can be taken by the companies to establish the brand loyalty is by taking up the CSR very seriously. Consumer loyalty is however very tough to earn. The company has to make proper research and development in order to know the expectation of the customers. The companies have to keep in mind that they need to do something that is very unique and that makes them differen t from their competitors. They have to satisfy the customers to such an extent that is beyond the reach of their competitive firms. Only then the consumers will consider buying the same product from the same market even in future and under any kind of circumstances. Companies based in all the countries have started taking up many different kinds of CSR activities in order to sustain in the long run. Countries like UK, Australia have already made several improvements in order to expand their CSR activities. A major change has also been seen in UAE in terms of the CSR. They have adhered to the Global Compact which is the Worlds largest sustainability initiative. Many stakeholders from all over the world have joined hands in this initiative and launched this UN global network in Dubai. As a part of their CSR activity they have started focusing on new projects like setting up solar street power. This is an effort to reduce the energy consumption. They have also started working on women empowerment. As a part of this, the HeForShe campaign has also been launched. Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that CSR activities have influenced the global business a great deal and has also helped it in many different ways. CSR will help the company to create a deep relationship with the customers. It will enable to enhance the brand loyalty of the company. This in turn will be influencing the profit maximization of the company. This will be beneficial to the company on both parts. It will not be harming the profit maximizing objective of the company and will also enable the companies to carry on with their CSR activities. Hence, establishing and using the CSR guidelines for any industry is of utmost importance. References Berlan, A., 2016. Whose business is it anyway: Children and corporate social responsibility in the international business agenda.Children Society,30(2), pp.159-168. Boulouta, I. and Pitelis, C.N., 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness.Journal of Business Ethics,119(3), pp.349-364. Brammer, S., He, H. and Mellahi, K., 2015. Corporate social responsibility, employee organizational identification, and creative effort: The moderating impact of corporate ability.Group Organization Management,40(3), pp.323-352. Capaldi, N. ed., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(Vol. 21). New York: Springer. Fairlie, P. and Svergun, O., 2015. The interrelated roles of CSR and stress in predicting employee outcomes. In11th International Conference on Occupational Stress and Health, Atlanta, GA. Hadfield, P. and Measham, F., 2015. The outsourcing of control: Alcohol law enforcement, private-sector governance and the evening and night-time economy.Urban studies,52(3), pp.517-537. He, Y. and Lai, K.K., 2014. The effect of corporate social responsibility on brand loyalty: the mediating role of brand image.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(3-4), pp.249-263. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. Laczniak, G.R. and Murphy, P.E., 2015. Marketing ethics and CSR in marketing: research challenges for the next decade.Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, p.1. Okoye, A., 2015. The UK Social Action, Responsibility and Heroism (SARAH) Act 2015 and corporate social responsibility (CSR): potential connections.International Company and Commercial Law Review,26(12), pp.373-376. Rahim, M.M., 2013.Legal regulation of corporate social responsibility: A meta-regulation approach of law for raising CSR in a weak economy. Springer Science Business Media. Sauerbronn, F., Diochon, P.F., Mills, A.J. and Raufflet, E. eds., 2017.The Dark Side 3: Critical Cases on the Downside of Business. Routledge. Soeberg, M.J. and van Zandwijk, N., 2016. Asbestos and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Present Status and Future Directions, p.115. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117. Wood, M., 2015. An Investigation Into Nestles Efforts To Establish Credibility In Its Global Cocoa Supply Chain

Environmental factors which influence Accounting Systems

Introduction The aim of accounting systems is to offer useful information to stakeholders that can enable them make proper economic decisions. Stakeholders may include the government, the society or shareholders of a company. The accounting systems therefore reflect the needs and interests of the stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental factors which influence Accounting Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Accounting systems and practices have characteristically taken different patterns in various parts of the world. National systems of accounting have usually been influenced by environmental factors. Environmental factors have always determined the accounting policies, systems, regulations, financial reporting among many others. The accounting systems and practices in a country are determined by the political and economic system, the ownership patterns, legal and taxation system as well a s the cultural values. The UK accounting systems and practices has also been considerably influenced by these factors. The UK legal system The country has a limited statute law that guides its commercial system (Day 2000). For example, in dividend cases, courts have to form their own judgments on indefinable concepts of capital as well as income taking case-by-case basis. In the UK, professional accounting as well as company law plays key function in the UK financial reporting. The state regulates accounting as well as financial reporting of businesses within the country through the Companies Act and other legislations. It also uses professional pronouncements and also maintains the requirements for stock exchange listings. The regulations are implemented by the Accounting Standards Board as well as the London Stock Exchange. The Financial Reporting Council is generally in charge of policy control particularly in the processes of standards setting.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Accounting Standards Board together with the Financial Reporting Review Panel are in charge of reviewing the financial reports of companies so as to ensure accurate reporting of information. According to Day (2000) cases of violations of accounting standards set by the Accounting Standards Board are also reviewed by the Review Panel. The Review Panel could also take the matter to court for court action against the company for not complying with the standards. The court rulings are made according to the accounting principles. The directors of the company have to be responsible for the costs. The London Stock Exchange on the other hand issues to companies the listing requirements. It requires that companies publish their semiannual interim reports and also disclose information on corporate governance as well as the director’s remuneration (Day 2000). UK taxation systems The UK taxation system is highly affected by the objectives of the government. The taxation system has little control in financial reporting in the UK. However, the accounting standards in the UK have been set to reflect the taxation system and the tax authorities in the country are adapting approaches that respond to the accounting standards (Cuzdriorean, Fekete Sucala 2010, 97). In the UK, public accounting reports provide the basis under which tax liabilities are determined. The published accounting reports are as such adjusted so as to be used for determining tax charges (Cuzdriorean, Fekete Sucala 2010, 97). They are therefore submitted separately from those to be sent to shareholders. The provider of capital In the UK, the requirement for public accountability as well as disclosure is always greater in situations where there is a large shareholding than in cases where the firm is under family ownership (Day 2000). In cases of state ownership, the accounting systems are usually cen trally controlled and this usually supersedes microeconomic objectives of the firm. The activities of the organisation also have an influence on the nature of the accounting practices as well as systems. The accounting systems depend on whether the company is manufacturing or agricultural; or whether it is a multinational company or a large group of companies. According to Day (2000) separation of business ownership and control have usually mandated for accurate financial report practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental factors which influence Accounting Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political system The country’s political system significantly influences the nature of accounting systems in the UK since the accounting systems and practices have to reflect the political philosophies as well as the objectives of the UK political system. For example, the objectives and philosoph ies regarding central planning or private firms are influenced by the political system. The UK economic system According to Aghimien, Mitchell, and Overholser (2009) the UK’s economy is the fourth-largest globally and the second-largest in the European Union. The country’s economy is highly developed and in addition, it has a diversified market-based economy. It has a financial market which is founded on financial systems. In this case the stock market provides finances to large-scale businesses as well as trading securities. It has benefitted from indirect foreign influence particularly from the accounting standards used in the US as well as directives from the EU community. Economic growth and challenges led to the introduction of inflation accounting in the country in the 1980 (Bromwich 1992, 82). The policy was implemented through the Statement of Standards Accounting Practice 16. It required that financial reporting by companies also provide information on Current Cost Financial Statements. Accounting principles majorly focus on the investor needs as well as the significance of transparency. Although the UK depends largely on financial direct investment from outside shareholders, the UK lawmakers have not created a powerful securities commission which can be vested with the mandate of regulating the accounting as well as financial reporting. Besides, there have not been detailed rules regarding this. The UK sustains shareholders investments by ensuring that companies make full disclosure of the financial reports. According to the Aghimien, Mitchell, and Overholser (2009) the UK government believes that full disclosure would assure shareholders and all the stakeholders that the management of the organisation is operating in their best interest. UK cultural values The UK cultural values in relation to accounting emphasize respect for social as well as status obligations; however, this should be within limits; willingness to overcome personal i nterests so as to achieve purposes; virtuous accounting life; making funds available through large savings for the purposes of investment among others.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The UK cultural values also emphasize individual professional judgment and also require individuals to maintain professional self-regulation. Presentation of an organisation’s financial position as well as results largely depends on the judgement of an independent accountant professional (Bromwich 1992, 78). Again, professional accountants of an organisation or working for an organisation should uphold confidentiality and to only make disclosure of information to those in the management or those who provide finances to the company. However, the financial statements are supposed to be made public. Conclusion Accounting systems and practices in the UK are greatly influenced by environmental factors. Environmental factors determine the policy regulations, taxation systems, financial reporting as well as the objectives of the accounting systems in companies. They also influence the accounting principles implemented for accounting practices. Reference List Aghimien, P., Mitchell, S., Overholser, H., 2009, A comparative analysis of significant influences on the accounting systems of diverse European countries and the USA. Journal of International Business Research, 8 (2). London: The DreamCatchers Group. Web. Bromwich, M., 1992, Financial reporting, information and capital markets. London: Pitman. pp. 78-82. Cuzdriorean, D., d., Fekete, s., Sucala, l., 2010, An attempt of measuring fiscal influence over accounting of Romanian Listed Companies. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Oeconomica, 12(1): 95-111. Web. Day, R., G., 2000, UK accounting regulation: An historical perspective. School of Finance Law Working Paper Series 20. Fern Barrow: Bournemouth University. Web. This essay on Environmental factors which influence Accounting Systems was written and submitted by user Zane D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alien Registration Records

Alien Registration Records Alien registration records are an excellent source of family history information on U.S. immigrants who were not naturalized citizens. Record Type: Immigration/Citizenship Location: United States Time Period: 1917-1918 and 1940-1944 What are Alien Registration Records?: Aliens (non-citizen residents) living in the United States were asked during two different historical periods to register with the U.S. Government. World War I Alien Registration RecordsFollowing the beginning of United States involvement in World War I, all resident aliens who had not been naturalized, were required, as a security measure, to register with the U.S. Marshal nearest their place of residence. A failure to register risked interment or possible deportation. This registration occurred between November 1917 and April 1918. WWII Alien Registration Records, 1940-1944The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (also known as the Smith Act) required the fingerprinting and registration of any alien age 14 and older living within or entering the United States. These records were completed from August 1, 1940 to March 31, 1944 and document over 5 million non-citizen residents of the United States during this period. What Can I Learn From Alien Registration Records?: 1917-1918: The following information was generally collected: Full name (including maiden name for females)Current residence and length of residencePlace of birthSpouse’s name and residenceChildren’s names, sex, and years of birthParents’ names (including maiden name for mother), birthdates, and birthplacesNames, dates of birth, and current residence of siblingsWhether any male relatives serving in the military for/against USWhether registered for selective draftPrevious military or government serviceDate of immigration, name of vessel and port of arrivalWhether naturalized in another country Whether reported/registered with a consul since 1 June 1914Whether applied for naturalization or took out first papers; if yes, when and whereWhether ever taken an oath of allegiance other than to the United StatesWhether ever arrested or detained on any chargeWhether held a permit to enter a forbidden areaSignaturePhotographDescription of registrantFull set of fingerprints 1940-1944: The two-page Alien Registration Form (AR-2) asked for the following information: NameName at time of entry to the USOther names usedAddressDate and place of birthCitizenship/NationalityGenderMarital statusRace Height WeightHair Eye ColorDate, port, vessel and class of admission of last arrival in USDate of first arrival in USNumber of years in the USUsual occupationPresent occupationName, address and business of present employerMembership in clubs, organizations or societiesDates and nature of military or naval serviceWhether citizenship papers were filed and if so the date, place, and courtNumber of relatives living in the USArrest record, including date, place and dispositionWhether or not affiliated with a foreign governmentSignatureFingerprintNot all registrants provided all information. Where Can I Get Alien Registration Records?: WWI Alien Registration files are scattered, and the majority are no longer extant. Existing files can often be found in state archives and similar repositories. Existing WWI alien registration records for Kansas; Phoenix, Arizona (partial); and St. Paul, Minnesota can be searched online. Other alien registration records are available in offline repositories, such as the 1918 Minnesota Alien Registration records at the Iron Range Research Center in Chisholm, MN. Check with your local or state genealogial society to learn what WWI alien registration records might be available for your area of interest. WWII Alien Registration (AR-2) files are available on microfilm from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and can be obtained through a Genealogy Immigration Records Request. Unless you have the actual alien registration number from an alien registration card in your familys possession, or from a passenger list or naturalization document, you will want to begin by requesting a Genealogy Index Search. Important: Alien Registration Forms AR-2 are only available for A-numbers 1 million to 5 980 116, A6 100 000 to 6 132 126, A7 000 000 to 7 043 999, and A7 500 000 to 7 759 142. If the subject of your request was born less than 100 years before the date of your request, you are generally required to provide documentary proof of death with your request. This might include a death certificate, a printed obituary, a photograph of the tombstone, or other document demonstrating that the subject of your request is deceased. Please submit copies of these documents, not originals, as they will not be returned. Cost: Alien registration records (AR-2 forms) requested from USCIS cost $20.00, including shipping and photocopies. A genealogy index search is an additional $20.00. Please check the USCIS Genealogy Program for the most current pricing information. What to Expect: No two Alien Registration Records are alike, nor are specific answers or documents guaranteed to be in each case file. Not all aliens answered every question. Turn-around time to receive these records averages about three to five months, so prepare to be patient.

A Comparison of Student Achievement in Literacy for Students of Low Research Paper

A Comparison of Student Achievement in Literacy for Students of Low Socio-Economic Status and their Participation in a Pre-Kindergarten Program - Research Paper Example Regardless of this, it remains an undeniable fact that there are key factors that are triggered by the socio-economic background of students that hinder them from having successful pre-kindergarten education. Some of these factors include the ability of such students to afford or own supplementary learning materials that are supplied by the school. This research work is therefore committed to comparing the achievement of students in literacy for students of low socio-economic status and their participation in pre-kindergarten programs. Research Problem Though the low socio-economic status of parents of children greatly affect the children’s educational achievement, there still remain a sample of these children from low socio-economic background whose cases have not been given critical attention and these are children from low socio-economic background who do not receive pre-kindergarten education at all. This means that there are generally two groups of children from low socio -economic background, who are those who attend pre-kindergarten and those who do not attend. Among these two, there is a great gap in terms of academic achievement especially when they begin mainstream education. This is because those who attend no pre-kindergarten tend to lack a whole year’s curriculum provisions. ... First, there is the research on the spiral nature of the educational curriculum (Seefeldt, 1993). This particular research sought to examine the relation between lessons studied at the pre-kindergarten stage and the lessons studies in mainstream education starting from the kindergarten stage. The research proved that the pre-kindergarten education is actually a direct continuation of the pre-kindergarten education. The only changes are that as a spiral keeps acquiring a larger bottom as it goes up, so do the lessons taught at the kindergarten level become complicated to those studied at the pre-kindergarten stage. What this means is that studies from low socio-economic backgrounds that stay out of pre-kindergarten education would have great difficulty coping with the advanced learning done in mainstream education. Another research is the one on the natural maturity of the human brain. According to this research, factors that affect the natural maturity of the brain include factors th at allows for personal well-being and satisfaction (Webb, 2003). What this means is that as children continue to be deprived of basic social provisions because of their socio-economic background, their natural rate of mental development becomes affected and this hinders successful learning in mainstream education. Deficiencies in the evidence One area of major deficiency in the evidence presented in the literature or research above has to do with the absence of a study that sought to examine whether at the early stages of their lives, children had any psychological effects of their socio-economic backgrounds. This awareness would have made the literature more complete in the sense that it would

The Role of Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role of Play - Essay Example The relaxation hypothesis points out that play is a means of recuperating from tiredness and hard labor, while the practice hypothesis pronounces play as a fundamental activity (Isbell & Raines, 2013). Within modern suppositions of psychoanalytic movement, theorists concentrated on emotional development characteristics whereby pleasure is accomplished through fulfillment of wishes within play. These individuals believed that kids came up with cooperative affiliations and gain reciprocated trust. The constructivist hypothesis views play as a means by which kids learn to comprehend experiences. The sociocultural theory looks into the sociocultural and chronological forces, which impacts the kid’s cognitive development. Cognitive adaptation theorists believe that play is a means to promote cognitive adaptation (Isbell & Raines, 2013). Hypothesis of mind articulates that pretend play utilizes mental demonstration, and role-play as a means of comprehending others. Experience and prospects throughout play are indispensible to neural pathways and learning development since play offers the framework for experiences. Play is important because it is the principal vehicle for the development of conceptions and solving of predicaments. Within curriculums, play aids in learning, societal, motor skill, emotional, scholarly, and language development. The modern conception of playfulness concentrates on the internal disposition of being playful. Kids go through sensory exploration, egocentric speculation, and individual experimentation to gain playfulness and resourcefulness (Isbell & Raines, 2013). Societal play takes in kids’ capacity to interrelate with peers. Socio-dramatic play takes account of at least 2 kids who interrelate verbally and collaborate within their activity, regulating their functions in rejoinder to other kids. The play environ is quite multifaceted and is made up of physical, as well as societal

Does creativity in its many forms relieve stress Essay

Does creativity in its many forms relieve stress - Essay Example lessness, Decreased sexual drive, Loss of appetite, Anxiety, Depression, Outbursts of anger. Long terms effects are more dangerous can be in the form of : Chronic head ache, Mood swings, Anxiety disorder, Substance abuse, Memory disturbances, Heart attack and strokes due increased blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol, Weight loss, Exacerbation of allergies including asthma, Irritable Bowel disease, Ischemic Bowel disease like Crohn's disease, Decreased sexual drive, sleeplessness.( Beware! Stress Could Cause Serious Long-Term Effects) The outcome of stress can be either a positive or a negative product depending on how the person deals with it and responds to the situation he's in. If negativity is adopted depression and failure are the end results expected. It is even proven medically how stress can reduce the immunity and a person can be more susceptible to diseases ranging from simple cases as flues and complicated cases such as cancer. On the other hand if a positive attitude is taken creativity can produce wonderful establishments. Stress this unconscious habit, can be dealt with usually in two ways; one is that stressed people repress it into their deep inner feelings which is definitely not healthy i.e. becoming victims, or they express their anger on a person present at the wrong time and wrong place. "Victims internalize their anger and bullies externalize it."(Pragito). Stress management can be through various techniques. Exercise and hobbies are a way of expressing the stress, some people even keep a journal in order to record any stressful event they pass through in order to put it behind their back and try to forget about it, once written it is forgotten. Hobbies such as writing, singing, listening to calm music, dancing and meditation -which is becoming popular nowadays in terms of spirituality building a balance between the body and the mind (Anna)- in other words any creativity form is a live illustration of stress relievers. Many studies indicate how lower stress levels are associated with a higher creativity level, even at the level of elementary school children where this can be a grand step to help future generations to have a lower stress level than present nowadays through creative thinking skills development (Bonita, 1). Creativity in order to be effective can be put into five steps: (Paul) 1. Preparation of information at hand or digging up new data to help in dealing with a problem causing the stress at hand 2. Incubation of the issue and investigating it thoroughly, 3. Enlightenment, which comes at directly or at an unknown moment. 4. Evaluation the solution that evolved and examining it carefully to ensure this is what is really needed. 5. Implementation of the proposal attained from the proceeding steps and putting it in operating action. Some organizations adopted the TQM Total Quality Management approach to decrease the stress levels present in its firms and become more productive in quality values too.

Potential Appraisal for Career Development

Potential Appraisal for Career Development Go to the library or search on internet and gather the information on following topics: Potential Appraisal Career Development Analyze the relationship between them, and explain how potential appraisal help employee in career development. Summarize all the points in writing and also prepare for group discussion in the class. The potential appraisal refers to the evaluation i.e. understanding of the hidden talents and skills of a person. The individual might or might not be aware of them. Potential appraisal is a future oriented appraisal whose main goal is to identify and evaluate the potential of the employees to achieve higher positions and responsibilities in the organizational hierarchy. On the other words, Potential appraisal helps to determine what can happen in the future so that it can be guided and directed towards the performance of individual and organizational development and goals. Therefore, many organizations assess and manage potential appraisal as a part of the performance appraisal processes. Moreover, the role of potential appraisal is to determine the potential of a given workers to occupy higher positions in the organizational hierarchy plus handle higher responsibilities. Potential appraisals are required to: Inform employees about their future prospects; Help the company check out of a appropriate succession plan; Update training efforts from time to time; Advisee employees about what they must learn to develop their career prospects. Potential appraisal can perform the following purposes: To advise employees about their overall career development and future prospects Help the company to chalk out succession plans Motivate the employees to further enhance their skills and competencies. To identify the training needs. Techniques of potential appraisal: Self appraisals Peer appraisals Superior appraisals Psychological and psychometric tests Management games like role playing Leadership exercises etc. Introducing a enormous Potential Appraisal System The following are some of the steps needed to be followed at the time introducing a potential appraisal system: Role Descriptions: Organizational functions along with functions should be defined simply. To this end, job descriptions should be prepared for each job. Qualities required completing the functions: Based on job descriptions, the functions to be played via individuals must be prepared (i.e., technical, managerial jobs as well as behavioral dimensions). Rating mechanisms: Besides listing the functions along with qualities, the potential appraisal process must provide mechanisms of judging the qualities of staffs as: Rating through others: The potential of a candidate might be rated by the current employer who is acquainted with the candidates work earlier, just his technical abilities. Tests: Managerial as well as behavioral dimensions can be measured via a battery of psychological tests. Games: Simulation games in addition to exercises (assessment centre, besides business games, in-basket, along with role play, etc.) could be used to display the potential of a nominated staff. Records: Performance records along with ratings of a nominated staff for his earlier jobs could be examined carefully on various dimensions such as motivation, creativity, besides risk taking ability, etc., which may play a vital concern in discharging his responsibilities in a new job. Organizing the system: After completing the earlier preliminaries, he should set up a way that will allow the introduction of the time quietly giving answers to specific puzzling questions: How much load time to assist in conditions of seniority in promotions? How much weight age to each of the performance dimensions; such as technical, besides managerial, in addition to behavioral qualities? What would be the mechanisms of assessing the body on different indicators of his potential and via what reliability? Feedback: The system should provide an option for every employee to see the works of his assessment. He might be assisted to understand the qualities most needed for performing the purpose for which he thinks he gets the potential, the mechanisms utilized through the companies to evaluate his potential along with the results of such an appraisal.

shadow of a doubt Essay examples -- essays research papers

Charlie-Horse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shadow of a Doubt, Hitchcock utilizes and stretches the ambiguous line between comedy and suspense by utilizing smaller characters in the film to keep the story line moving, and to help break sequence or rhythm of what the audience had been perceiving at the time. Many of the minor characters were used as â€Å"fillers†, such as the waitress in the bar when Uncle Charlie and Charlie are sitting in the bar, and makes the comment â€Å"I would die for a ring like this†; or the quiet, gentle neighbor Herb who is fascinated with the process of homicide and murder. It brings to the audience an immediate comic relief, but similar to all of Hitchcock, leaves an unsettling feeling of fear and suspense with the viewer. Shadow of a Doubt is a film that hits very close to home for me, primarily because of the small town feel very similar to Orono that I have grown to know so well. There is a brutal irony that lurks through the film, especially during the tim e period that the film was made. The picturesque stereotype of small town life in the 40’s is brutally torn apart by Hitchcock wit and creative ingà ©nue, putting the viewer in an uncomfortable mind stretch of reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first instance of ambiguity between comedy/drama begins directly at the beginning credits of the film, with the brilliant shot of a uniform waltzing party, in carousel motion, or a perfect circle. From my perspective, I was unable to recognize w...

Applied Psychological Perspectives Essay

The psychodynamic approach was associated with a man called Sigmund Freud, this man believed that the brain was split into 3 parts, just like an ice-burg. At the tip of the ice burg where everybody can see, is the â€Å"Conscious† part of the brain, this holds thoughts and perceptions. The â€Å"Pre Conscious† level is where memories, feelings and past experiences are locked up in our mind but often let out, this holds memories and easily accessed knowledge. The unconscious level is where everything is under the surface and you would never dare to tell anyone other than yourself, this holds unacceptable sexual desires, irrational fears, violent urges, irrational fears, selfish needs and immoral urges. Freud believed that throughout life all of these levels are shown, and sometimes when we say something that we might never thought we would say, that is our unconscious level showing. Freud also said that the early experiences in life were the ones that made you who you were as an adult. If there is struggle throughout certain stages during your early life then this could result to an individual becoming stuck and could result in difficulties of personality traits which may explain some ones behaviour in later life. It is important to recognise that we may not be able to understand behaviours as the individual may not understand themselves what is causing their certain behaviour, the â€Å"psychodynamic therapy† helps to make a person examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from past relationships and try to find the need and desire to be angry. The therapy usually lasts around 2 years as the therapy is a goal to change an aspect or someone’s identity or personality to resolve when the person was â€Å"stuck† in their childhood stages of development. The advantages of the psychodynamic approach is that it focuses on the cause of the problem rather then just given medicine and treating the symptoms of the patient, it focuses on the real problem that the patient has. It also builds a trusting relationship between a people, for example if someone had psychodynamic counselling the counsellor would make a trusting relationship with the person first, and this may make the person want to â€Å"open up† and discuss certain problems that they are having, this therefore is another advantage. The disadvantages of the approach is that the treatment for the approach can take many years to â€Å"fix† the problem and sometimes it may not possibly work. Also some people may find it harder to â€Å"open up† then others so again it can be very time consuming and at times difficult to try and solve a problem when you don’t know what the problem is. The humanistic approach looks at human experience from the viewpoint of the individual, it focuses on the belief that we are all capable of making choices. Abraham Maslow came up with â€Å"hierarchy of needs† this is a pyramid that involves things that we need to because our â€Å"self actualisation† which is the best that we can be. It starts with basic needs, then safety and security needs, love and emotion needs and then self esteem needs. We have self esteem which is how valuable we feel, the amount of esteem we provide ourselves with. Self-concept is the way in what we see ourselves, and self actualisation is being the best that we can be and achieving full potential. The humanistic approach would usually use treatments such as counselling but base it on something called â€Å"unconditional positive regard† this is to help an individual develop a more positive sense of self. This way, the person over time sees themselves as worthy. This approach would be good for aggression and addiction as it is helping the person to realise that they are worth something and could potentially help stop aggression and addiction. An advantage of the humanistic approach is that it looks at the person as a whole to try and resolve their problem by looking at them as a whole. The humanistic approach provides the foundations and uses active listening and helps in forming a relationship between 2 people. It in itself can enable self actualisation by using the core values (empathy, warmth, attentiveness, unconditional positive regard and genuineness) but other approaches such as CBT would speed up the process, therefore it in itself helps someone to have self esteem etc. The disadvantage of this approach is that there has not been that much evidence of success. Also, the humanistic approach says that each student has their own â€Å"learning style† and the teacher should use this learning style for each independent person, however these learning styles and their evaluations tend to be very unorganised and unwieldy. The social learning approach believes that our behaviour is taught. According to the social learning theory, role models are very important. For example, if we watch someone that we love behaving in a particular way, we are more likely to feel that we have to act like the person is acting. Although this is just an example of what can change our behaviour, groups of people may also change our behaviour but also culture and society could change our behaviour, for example values, norms, language, customs and practices of groups. Also the role that we are in may change our behaviour because of the people around us. This theory therefore is good as the treatment provides positive role models for people that may have got caught up in bad role models, which is why I have chosen it for aggression and addiction, as if you surround these people with good role models they may believe to start believing them selves and come off their addiction and stop being so angry. The advantages of social learning is that it looks at the behaviour of someone as being â€Å"taught† this includes; shyness, optimism, confidence etc. The social learning approach looks at peoples behaviour in detail and this really helps us to understand why people act in the way that they do, so it is helpful as it explains why and where these behaviours have been learnt from (trace its origin). The disadvantages are that it is quite time consuming and does not always cure certain behaviours or illnesses, it also tries to face certain things to overcome their certain behaviour, for example take a person addicted to alcohol, they would give someone alcohol but mix it with a drug which, when mixed with alcohol would lead to sickness, making the person not want to consume alcohol again – but it can be very stressful for that individual and it is also very dangerous. Also not everyone copies someone else’s behaviour so having a good role model not might make a difference, and a person with anger may get angrier by having a happy, bubbly person around them all of the time. The biological approach says that a child is born with a set of genetic instructions passed down from its parents. Cognitive, physical and other development processes unfold over time. It is nothing to do with the environment that we live in. I have particularly chosen the biological approach for â€Å"addiction† as I believe that a lot of people that have been addicted (mostly to drugs and alcohol) usually need medicine to just help them slowly come off of their addiction as well as having over therapies along side. For example, a person that is taking heroin would take the biological approach and be given â€Å"methadone† this is a drug that slowly is introduced to someone that is addicted to heroin and they slowly come off of the heroin and start to take the methadone on its own. I think the biological approach is very helpful in some cases but along side with other approaches. An advantage of the biological approach is that is makes use of scientific and experimental procedures in its investigations and it also strongly supports the nature-nurture debate. The disadvantages is that it doesn’t look so much at how the environment and socialisation affects behaviour and life factors. It believes that everything is to do with the way our genes are and the environment etc will not affect this – we are who we are when we are born and this maps out how we are going to be for the future.

Egyptian Civilisation Essay Example

Egyptian Civilisation Essay Example Egyptian Civilisation Essay Egyptian Civilisation Essay A civilization can be define as an advanced stage or system of human development characterized by social hierarchy and government, the division of labor and economic specialization, economic organization, settled agriculture, cultural traditions and practices, religion, art and architecture. A region must contain most or all of these characteristics if they are to be considered a civilization. Without these characteristics a society will have no structure and its people will be considered to be in a state of barbarism. The characteristics of a civilization help not only to give a society a sense identity, but a sense of history as well; this ensures that people in the present could look to the pass and know that a group of people existed during a particular period, in a particular region and carried out certain practices that would have distinguished them from other groups existing during their time. The Egyptians were a group of people that established their civilization alon g the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. Egypt is located between Africa and the Middle East and the Egyptian society contained many characteristics that distinguished them as a civilization. In this essay I will discuss some of the major features of the Egyptian civilization from the Early Dynastic period to the Late Intermediate period. The Early Dynastic period was the period which saw the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt into a single kingdom and it consisted of two dynasties. This unification occurred around 3100 BC and ancient Egyptians acknowledged this to be the start of their civilization. It was during this period that government was established in Egypt in the form of kingship. Egyptians believed that a king named Menes was responsible for the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt. However according to archaeological findings, the real historical figure and the last king of the Protodynastic Period was Narmer, the first pharaoh to claim to have united Upper and Lower Egypt. The pharaoh of the Royal Cemetery of Abydos resembled tombstones and contained a pair of carved stone funerary stelae. Prior to the fourth dynasty pharaohs were known by their Horus name and the stelae bore a hieroglyphic called a serekh which served as a representation of the Horus name of the ruler at that time. The Horus name of th e Pharaoh would also be written on serekh panels panel the first of which appeared to be the Narmer Palette. In North Saqquara there existed some elaborately niched mudbricked superstructures. The Saqquara tombs comprised of a superstructure above ground as well as an underground chamber in which the high officials of the north were buried. The Early Dynastic Period brought the development of Egyptian writings from a few signs to a more composite system of several hundred signs. The Old Kingdom was the foundational period of Egyptian civilization; it was during this period that developments in Egyptian architecture, religion and the beginning of hereditary nobility took place. The pharaohs of the Old kingdom had great power and held the monopoly, they granted estates to scribes and officials and made land grants to local cults and temple. They held superiority in all matters and were responsible for law making until their power was diminished and local rulers and priests who challenged their supremacy became more powerful. During the Old Kingdom around 2686BC- 2134BC, Egypt was under a strong central government ruled by Zoser who gained enough power to rule the entire country. Zoser established his court in Memphis and previous rulers occupied positions as governors. Egypt became wealthy and extensive irrigation projects brought the evolution of agriculture and with it an increase in trade. Because of the importance of the Nile River to agricultural success and the power of the pharaohs, Egyptians during this time saw the pharaohs as being responsible for the yearly flooding of the Nile and worshipped them as Gods. The Egyptians scheduled their agriculture in accordance with the cycle of the Nile River and the river was used as their main source of water since there was very little rainfall. The three seasons acknowledged by the Egyptians were Akhet, the season of flooding, Peret, the season of planting and Shemu, the season of harvesting. The Old Kingdom is also known for its pyramids which were used as burial places for pharaohs in Ancient Egypts. The first pyramid was built by Imhotep to house the body of King Zoser, initially it was built as a large tomb but remodeled into a towering pyramid. During the fourth dynasty of the Old Kingdom Sneferu the initiator the Dynasty was responsible for the construction of at least two pyramids, the Bent and the Red pyramids. His son and successor Khufu later constructed the Great pyramids of Giza on the Giza plateau. In this period the practice of mummification emerged, mummifications were used to preserve the bodies of the pharaohs so that the spirit would return to the body periodically and so assure the kingâ„ ¢s immortality. in an attempt to preserve the body for life in the next world. The pyramids were built during the lifetime of Sneferu, his son Khufu, and his grandson Menkaura and served as long lasting monuments. Immense exploration took place during the old kin gdom, groups were sent to Nubia for mining, Egyptians journeyed to the Phoenician coast by ship to source cedar wood and Nubia was conquered. The fifth dynasty was initiated by Userkhaf and after his supremacy there existed a power struggle. Civil conflict arose which caused the deterioration of the Egyptian government, the situation was compounded by a severe drought which caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom. The First Intermediate period lasted for approximately two hundred years and was a period in which Egypt was not ruled by a single Government. Pharaohs of this time ruled from the end of the sixth dynasty to most of the eleventh dynasty and their power was limited only to their domain. Few monuments exist from this period but the decorated tombs of governors during this period remain as evidence that there was a continuation artistic practices. Burials during the intermediate period were rich and the writing on the tomb was used to depict the independence of the governors and at times also referred to local conflict The most outstanding monument from the First Intermediate Period is the mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari. The middle kingdom saw reemergence of the pharaohâ„ ¢s supremacy, the expansion of the civilisation and the worsening of labor conditions. Mentuhotep II was the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom and the establisher of the eleventh dynasty. During the reign of Mentuhotep II and other kings Egypt was able to regain its power. dynasty began to consolidate their rule. Mentuhotep II sent armies into Nubia and reconquered them after they had become independent the First Intermediate Period. Armies were sent to Palestine to look after trade relations and ships ventured to Greece, Crete and Syria. A vizier was appointed by the king as the head of civil administration for the country. New projects were initiated and irrigation systems were fixed.Senusret III, a warrior king during the period 1878 BC?  Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1839 BC, constructed forts which served as security for Egyptâ„ ¢s south border. Amenemhat III, a great ruler in the Middle Kingdom encouraged Asiatic settlers to enter the Delta region in order to use their labor for active mining and building campaigns. The Egyptian population began to experience a surplus in food as production levels rose. The Middle Kingdom birthed fresh ideas for art and literature. Gorgeous regal sculptures were created and wooden replicas of houses, soldiers and animals adorned tombs. Pyramids were constructed during this period using cheaper materials. However the inability of weaker kings to deal with powerful immigrants that had settled in the Delta brought the decline of Egypt. During the second intermediate period at around 1700 B.C.E. the Hyksos invaded Egypt and the pharaohs were forced to retreat to Thebes where there were treated as subordinates. The Hyksos who were from West Asia had superior weaponry as well as horse drawn chariots which enabled them to gain control of the Delta and reign over a large part of Egypt. The Hyksos adapted much of the Egyptian culture and many of them portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Salatis was the first king of the Second Intermediate Period, he ruled over Lower and Upper Egypt and the third king, Apophis I, relinquished some of his power to gave some of his power to a branch of the Hyksos family. The reign of the Hyksos, was a significant period of technical improvement which saw the encouragement of arts, crafts and literature. The Second Intermediate period comprised of the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventh dynasties and the Hyksos contributed the harness and war chariots to Egyptian civilization. War eventually brok e out between the Egyptians and Hyksos and Egypt emerged victorious. The New Kingdom consisted of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth dynasty and saw the production of many famous arts, artefacts and architecture. The eighteenth dynasty was one of prosperity and power. Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh reigned during this period; she served with great competence and it was under her that Egyptian trade expanded into Somalia and the Mediterranean. Thutmose III, Hatshepsutâ„ ¢s successor expanded the Eyptian army. He was respected for his imperial policies and was an avid builder. Amenhotep III kept the tradition of building and worked on the temple of Karnak, and later began the temple of Ame-Re at Luxor. Amenhotep IV who later changed his name to Akhenaten introduced the religious system of monotheism to Egypt. Akhenaten believed in Aten who was the representation of a sun disk. The period in which Akhenaten reigned facilitated artistic, architectural and poetic expression. However, the system of monotheism was not popular with the priests that bel ieved in polytheism. Consumed by religious matters Akhenaten lost control of some his provinces and after his death, his successor Tutankhamen returned Egypt to polytheism. Rameses I reigned in Egypt around 1290 BC and was followed by his son Seti I. Seti I ruled the Egyptian Empire for eleven years and constructed a temple complex at Abydos. Ramses II, established major building projects and it was under him that the Egyptian struggle against the Hittites in Syria was resolved calmly. Ramses II, finished the work started by his father at Karnak he also constructed great monuments and the temples such as Abu Simbel. Rameses had many children for his wives and constructed tombs for his sons in the Valley of the Kings. Ramesesâ„ ¢ reign brought great prosperity and tranquility to Egypt and his greatness members of the twentieth dynasty to retain his name. Several battles in the twentieth dynasty under the rule of Rameses the III saw the exhaustion of the Egyptian treasury and the decline of the Egyptian Empire. After his death his sons became pharaohs as Rameses IV, VI and VIII. During this time Egypt was plagued with a series of droughts and after the death of Rameses XI Egypt entered into the third intermediate period. The third intermediate period included four dynasties. Smendes was the first king of this period and served as a vizier of Lower Egypt. He established his capital in Tanis while Upper Egypt was The result of the feeble rule of the last Ramessids was a lapse into the division of the two lands. The first king was Smendes (ruled 1069- 1043BC), a vizier of Lower Egypt, who set up his capital in the Delta city of Tanis. Upper Egypt was ruled from Thebes, where Herihor, who combined the offices of high priest of Amun and vizier of Upper Egypt, was placed as effective king. Unity was briefly restored when his grandson Pinudjem I, who at first reigned as high priest, formally assumed the kingship and ruled at Tanis (1054-1042BC). In his reign, the royal mummies that had been violated and robbed in the Valley of the Kings were rewrapped and reentered in a secret place behind the temple of Hatshepsut, where they were found in modern days. After his death the power fluctuated between Tanis and Thebe sometimes under one king, sometimes under a combination of a king in the north and a high priest in the south. The priests were the real rulers, using the powers of Amun-Ra to deal with all matters. . This period involved 4 dynasties from the twenty-first to the twenty-fourth. The era opens the final millennium of ancient Egyptâ„ ¢s history. Apart from a brief time of unified rule by the Theban priest-king Pinudjem I, it was marked by divisions within, with pharaohs in control only of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt ruled by hereditary chief priests at Thebe. Thebes had no foreign policy and the pharaohs at Memphis were incapable of firm rule. The international standing of Egypt sank to a low level until the assumption of power by Shoshenq I and the commencement of the twenty-second, or Libyan Dynasty. The Libyans ruled for a century and a half, with their base in the north, until a branch set up a separate kingdom at Thebes, the twenty-third Dynasty, whose succession of five kings co-existed with the parents branch until uprising of Tefnakht at Sais, and the invasion of the Nubians, which brought the era to an end. IDuring the New Kingdom, Egypt kept a large permanent army. Under a series of warrior kings, they soon became the dominant force throughout the near east. Kings from as far away as Syria paid homage to the great pharaoh in Egypt. With gold, copper, ivory, ebony, and slaves pouring into the land, Egypt became richer than ever before. During this period, the 18th dynasty rulers pioneered a new style of royal burial, abandoning the pyramids in favor of less conspicuous tombs in The Valley of the Kings. The Egyptian civilization was openly stratified. Their social hierarchy consisted of a pharaoh or king who head the hierarchy, followed by viezier who was the trusted adviser of the pharaoh then the nobles and high Priests, the officials and scribes, the craftsmen and lastly the slaves, laborers, and peasants. The farmers, who were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, made up the majority of the Egyptian society similar to contemporary societies where the poor are considered to be in the majority. The farmers were subjected to paying tax and their agricultural produce was owned by the state. In Ancient Egypt people from all social classes were treated with equality under the law except the slaves. Both men and women were entitled to property ownership and sale, marriage and divorce as well as the pursuit of legal matters. In the legal system of Egypt was controlled by the pharaohs, they were responsible for passing laws as well as ensuring that justice is carried out. Common sense was used as a measuring rod in determining right from wrong and conflict resolution was preferred to the adherence of a strict set of laws. A local council of elders ruled over minor claims and disputes while critical cases were presided over by the vizier or the pharaoh. Those up for trial were required to represent themselves and swear an oath that they were telling the truth. The accused were sometimes subjected to beatings from the state in an effort to get a confession. All cases were comprehensively documented by the scribes and punishment ranged from fines, exile and facial mutilation for minor crimes to execution by decapitation for more serious crimes. Oracles also played an important part in making legal decisions in the new kingdom. Various duties were distributed to members of the Egyptian civilization. The scribes were among those most versed in reading and writing, therefore their responsibilities included writing letters, keeping recordings as well as military accounts. The scholarly scribes held positions as doctors, engineers and priests. The priests were required to spend three months in the temple where they fulfilled their duties. The medical field in Egypt consisted of positions such as chief medical officers, inspectors, superintendants, and physicians. The doctors possessed great knowledge of herbal remedies as well as surgical techniques. Engineers were knowledgeable in mathematics and architecture and used this knowledge for precision in the building of monuments, pyramids and temples. The high priests and noblemen constituted the government and served as assistants, generals and administrators. The vizier served as the pharaohâ„ ¢s closest advisor. The Old Kingdom was the foundational period of Egyptian civilization; it was during this period that developments in Egyptian architecture, religion and the beginning of hereditary nobility took place. The pharaohs of the Old kingdom had great power and held the monopoly, they granted estates to scribes and officials and made land grants to local cults and temple. They held superiority in all matters and were responsible for law making until their power was diminished and local rulers and priests who challenged their supremacy became more powerful. The middle kingdom saw a reemergence of the pharaohâ„ ¢s supremacy. While this period brought the expansion of the civilisation it also saw the worsening of labor conditions. Amenemhat III, a ruler in the Middle Kingdom encouraged Asiatic settlers to enter the Delta region in order to use their labor for active mining and building campaigns. During the second intermediate period at around 1700 B.C.E. the Hyksos invaded Egypt and the pharaohs were forced to retreat to Thebes where there were treated as subordinates. The Hyksos who were from West Asia adapted much of the Egyptian culture and many of them portrayed themselves as pharaohs. In the New Kingdom from 1550-700 B.C.E, the new kingdom pharaohs arose and overthrew the Hyksos. These pharaohs secured borders and strengthened diplomatic ties. The vizier commanded the treasury in Egyptian society and the economy was well managed. The temples of Egypt served as store houses for wealth and the financial system of Ancient Egypt was one of money bartering in which workers were paid in grains. This took place until the introduction of coinage. Trading was facilitated at standard price. The Egyptianâ„ ¢s obtained commodities that was rare to their society through trade. They were able to obtain gold, incense, timber ebony and ivory through trade with other countries as well as olive oil from Greece. Egyptâ„ ¢s Natural resources included decorative copper, lead ores, gold and semi precious stones which enabled them to have great architecture, art, tools and fashion jewelry. The Egyptian civilization contained settled agriculture. The Nile River which was at the core of Egyptian civilization was considered to be a gift from God to the Egyptian people. The Nile River overflowed its banks annually leaving behind a rich, fertile top soil which was responsible for the Egyptianâ„ ¢s agricultural success. The Egyptians scheduled their agriculture in accordance with the cycle of the Nile River and the river was used as their main source of water since there was very little rainfall. The three seasons acknowledged by the Egyptians were Akhet, the season of flooding, Peret, the season of planting and Shemu, the season of harvesting. The Egyptianâ„ ¢s produced an abundance of food and was the only place in the world to export grain surpluses. The grains produced by the Egyptians included emmer and barley, and their plants were used to make sheets and clothing. Their garden plots comprised of vegetables and fruits such as squashes, lettuce, grapes melons and garlic. They also had an abundant supply of fish, sourced from the Nile River. The most important livestock of the Egyptianâ„ ¢s was the cattle, donkeys and oxen were used to assist in agriculture. The donkey and oxen plowed the fields and compressed seeds into the ground and the ox was used in spiritual rituals. Sheep, goats and pigs were also reared. The villagers were not afforded as luxurious a lifestyle as the wealthy Egyptians. Their villages were compact and their houses made of stones. These houses were so inferior that they deteriorated after time and new houses were usually built on top the rubble. The houses contained little furniture and water for the village was sourced from a well. Wealthy Egyptians had large estates and luxurious homes. They comprised of pools, gardens, servants shrines and tiled floors however they too had limited furniture. The clothing of the Egyptianâ„ ¢s was made from linen and their style was common throughout their classes. Egyptians took great pride in their appearance and used wigs, oils, perfumes and jewelry. The wealthy in their society were privileged to some of the most exquisite jewelry. Women in the Egyptian society were responsible for childcare while the men sought to provide economic stability. At the age of twelve, Egyptian males were circumcised and their heads shaved. The diet of the Egyptians included bread, beer, figs, dates, garlic and onion and it was only during feasts that the lower class was privileged enough to eat meat and drink wine. Music and dance made up a significant part of Egyptâ„ ¢s culture and the harp and flute were popular instruments. The Egyptians activities included board games, juggling, wrestling as well as hunting and boating which were done by the upper class. The Egyptians were polytheistic and believed in the after life. The Egyptians believed in several supernaturally gods who they were required to keep contented through offerings and sacrifices. Deities incessantly arose to prominence, none contradicting the other. Worship was carried on by a priest in cult temples which contained shrines. However, the temples were not used for public worship and only the upper class was allowed to worship at the shrines. The lower class was subjected to private worship in their homes and many of them wore amulets as spiritual guards. In the new kingdom oracles were used as means of direct communication to the Gods. The Egyptians believed that everyone had a shadow a personality or soul, a life source and a name. The heart was considered to be responsible for thought and emotion. They believed that the dead will reunite its life source, with its soul and become the blessed dead existing effectively inn their afterlife. Mummifications were used to prese rve the bodies of the pharaohs so that the spirit would return to the body periodically this assured the kingâ„ ¢s immortality. The pyramids were used to store the bodies of the pharaohâ„ ¢s and their material belongings. They believed that their spirit would either be rewarded or punished and that heaven held no suffering. Egyptian art was created to serve particular purposes. Its accuracy, simplicity and symbolism played an important role in politics and religion. Images were engraved on the walls of the temples and tombs. Artists used stones and wood to make statues and paints were derived from minerals. The lower class had access to funerary arts and clay models used to show the daily life of the Egyptians were displayed in the tombs. The Egyptians used hieroglyphics as their system of writing which incorporated up to five hundred symbols. Initially they were pictorial but then developed into phonetic scripts. They were formal in structure and written on monuments and in tombs and eventually papyrus. The Egyptianâ„ ¢s architecture distinguished them from any other civilization. Dominance of the pharaoh was reiterated through their architecture and the state financed architectural works. The buildings were constructed with simple tools and expert builders exercised immense precision during constru ction. Buildings that were suppose to last forever, were constructed with stones while others especially the homes of the lower class Egyptians were constructed with mud bricks. The greatest architecture of the Egyptians was the Pyramids of Giza and the Temples of Thebes. The Egyptians had one of the greatest civilizations ever known to man and the precision and design of their pyramids still baffle many and seem even more advanced than present time. The Egyptian society embodied all the characteristics that was necessary for them to be considered as a civilization. It contained social hierarchy and government, the division of labor and economic specialization, economic organization, settled agriculture, cultural traditions and practices, religion, art and architecture. Their hieroglyphics made it possible for us to gain incite as to who the Egyptians were and when they existed. They provided for us more information than any other civilization, information that can be seen as reliable since it was written by the Egyptians themselves and represented their daily life. Their achievements not only justify their categorization as a civilization but set a standard for all civilizations that followed. WORKS CITED Asante, Molefi. Culture and Customs of Egypt. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2002. David, Rosalie. The Experience of Ancient Egypt. London: Routledge. 2000. Erman, Adolf. Life in Ancient Egypt. London: Macmillan. 1894. Glanville, K. The Legacy of Egypt. Oxford England: Clarendon. 1942. Issawi, Charles. Egypt: An Economic and Social Analysis. London: Oxford University Press. 1947. Little, Tom. Egypt. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 1958.