HCS 483 Final project: health care robots Essay

Types and Uses of Health Care Robots Health Care Information Systems HCS 483 September 08, 2013 Types and Uses of Health Care Robots Health care robots are exciting advancements in health care delivery by providers. The future of robots in health is promising and the different types of robots are growing. Using robots helps the providers give better care to their patients and using robots behind the scenes for more accurate delivery of care as well. Surgical robots The da Vinci is currently the most known surgical robot. It is the only surgical robot available for commercial use. The da Vinci robot is in use for gynecological, prostate, and cardiac surgeries. The da Vinci allows the surgeon to work from a computerized workstation across the room from where the patient is prepped on the operating table. The surgeon maneuvers the robotic arms to perform the surgeries. Using the da Vinci eliminates the natural hand tremor that surgeons have through the software in the computer system created specifically for that function. â€Å"’Penelope’ has been developed at Columbia University by general surgeon Dr. Michael Treat with funding from the US Army’s Telemedicine and Technology Research Center, in Fort Detrick, MD† (Schimpff, 2013, p. 1). Penelope is not currently in use but is a promising robot on the health care horizon. Dr. Michael Treat created Penelope to replace the current surgical assistant that hands the surgeon instruments during surgery. Penelope is equipped with electromagnetic grippers that allows for picking up the instruments the surgeon needs. Penelope arranges the instruments for the procedure, recognizes voice commands, and verbally can respond back to the surgeon. Pharmacy robots Pharmacy robots currently are in use for dispensing medications. The uses  are beneficial to the entire hospital staff by reducing medication errors, orders are entered in by the physicians using computerized physician order entry (CPOE), and charging the cost of the medication to the patients account. The ROBOT-RX is currently in use in 34 states around the country. â€Å"The ROBOT-Rx ® automated medication dispensing system prevents medication errors, reduces pharmacy labor, and lowers drug inventory. The hospital pharmacy robot automates medication storage, selection, return, restock, and crediting functions for 90 percent or more of a hospital’s daily medication volume† (â€Å"ROBOT-RX,† 2013, p. 1). Telemedicine robots Remote Presence Virtual + Independent Telemedicine Assistant (RP-VITA) is used to assist physicians who are not on-site when a critical patient is admitted to the hospital. The robot is used to connect the off-site physician to the bedside of the patient to assess the patient and give orders to the staff for tests and medications needed for immediate care. Especially useful in the immediate care of stroke patients in the emergency department when time is crucial for the delivery of medicines. If the physician is off-site or across the hospital helping other patients, the RP-VITA allows for faster face-to-face response between the physician and the patient. References Improves patient safety and process efficiency with robotic medication dispensing. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.mckesson.com/pharmacies/hospital-and-health-system/inpatient/pharmacy-automation/robot-rx/ Schimpff, S. C. (2013). Robotics can revolutionize the delivery of medical care. Retrieved from http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/robotics-revolutionize-delivery-medical-care.html

Nestl S Corporate Strategy Analysis

Rational model 2 l. Vision statements Concerned with the desired future state of the company. What do we want to be?  « I will bully a motor car for the great multitude†¦ Lit will be so low In price that no man making good wages will be unable to own one†¦ When I am through, everyone will be able to afford one and everyone will have one. Henry Ford Me are committed to enhancing the quality of consumers lives through nutrition, health, and wellness. Our mission of â€Å"Good Food, Good Life† is to provide the best tasting, most nutritious choices In a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night. † Nestle A. Goal B. Scope C. Advantages II. Mission statement Provide stakeholders with clarity about the overriding purpose of the organization.Why do we exist? â€Å"To organize the world's Information and make It universally accessible and useful† Google â€Å"To be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve† Dell Ill. Goals French market IV. Objectives Principal objective of corporate strategy: to maximize shareholders wealth through achieving maximum sustainable profits. Societal value add Increase shareholder value

Why Are Apple Products so Popular?

ESL0420Advanced Writing Analysis Paper Le Han [email  protected] edu Mar 5th, 2013 Why are Apple Products so Popular? In today's world, Apple's products are highly sought after because they are very popular for everyone. According to Yarow,editor of The Business Insider,said that the newest iPhone sold 5 million over the opening weekend (Yarow, 2012). However, it is difficult to find the reason why Apple’s products are so superior compared with other electronic products in the market.Since Apple’s products come out in our life, it has facilitated our life and brought us huge benefits. For instance, people do not need to bring their heavy laptops to go to work every day, because they already have the portable tablet PC – iPad. The ascent of Apple’s products are presented in front of everyone, it is due to Apple’s product having a creative design, unique innovation and the reasonable price. To begin with, if people want to know why Apple’s pr oducts are so popular in the recent years, one of the answers is the design of the product is very important.By comparison with other electronic products, the apple’s product is always the most aesthetic appearance of electronic products on the market. For example, the newest MacBook Air design reached unbelievably thin and light, but it still retains the Apple computer powerful, durable, capable and enjoyable to use features. On the contrary, the traditional design laptop focus on the hardware upgrade rather than the appearance of product, so the monotonous design of the traditional electronic product makes the consumer feel visual fatigue and not portable.When MacBook Air appeared on the scene, people felt that Apple’s products are so distinctive and unique; because never has a computer company can make their laptop’s thickness less than an inch thin, and has simple designs at the same time. This led Apple’s products directly to be bestselling on the wh ole electronic market. The same was true of the latest iMac, its desktop display has slim design which greatly save the area of the computer desk. For example, Pete Pachal is technology journalist who has been covering consumer technology in print and online more than ten years.He said that the newest iPhone and iPad paired with brilliant 4-inch and 9. 7-inch retina display which configuration can make the person see more detail. Even with the naked eye, the user can clearly see the type is sharper and photos are showy. Consequently the new Apple’s product makes its competitors look bad, and there is no company that has a product on the market now can compare with it (Pachal, 2012). Beside this, innovation is one of the main reasons for Apple’s products success.Before Apple unleashed the iPhone, there are many experts who worked in the technology industry knew that the touch screen would be the trend of future development. An editor named Charles Babcock from at Inform ationWeek thinks while the touch technology was not invented by Apple Company, Apple Company carried forward this technology and it eventually prospered. According to Babcock (2013), there are just a few people who believed that companies can launch this product which meet demands of customers in 2007.But Apple Company has done it proved is does not work like that. The release of the iPhone has proved it. Moreover, Apple Company is also introducing this technology to iPad. Nowadays, if there is any mobile phone without touch screen, it is out of date. The consumer just wants a mobile phone which has touch screen function. It is because Apple’s products are the first to provide a suitable touch screen that it will naturally gain traction with consumers.In addition, another reason for Apple’s products are popular on the market is that Apple Company makes the reasonable price. The reasonable price can make average consumers and corporate customers willing to buy it, becau se people consider the reasonable price to be more attractive than other products on the market. A Taiwan daily newspaper named DigiTimes, which news mainly includes semiconductor, electronics, computer and communication industries believed iPad pricing will disturb the PC market price.DigiTimes (2010) demonstrates that the first generation of iPad price was $499, at that time some tablet PC manufacturers predicted iPad’s price is about $1000 and these tablet PC manufacturers originally planned their tablet prices 20%-30% lower than the iPad. The present the iPad price is only $499, which compels the tablet PC manufacturer to re-evaluate the price strategy. If tablet PC manufacturers want their product appealing to consumers, they could only adjust the price lower than the iPad. But the final result shows that it is failed, and now iPad is the fourth generation, but it still people’s first hoice for PC tablets. If the iPhone and iPad’s price were more expensive, maybe they would not be so popular; I believe Apple Company is also aware of this In short, my conclusion is that the cause of Apple’s products being popular depends on its creative design, unique innovation and the reasonable price. If there were no Apple’s products, I believed the development of electronic products would slow down at least ten years. Because the market has Apple’s products, our life is more convenient than before. The emergence of Apple’s products makes electronic product market have more competition.No matter what, the direct beneficiaries of the price war is the consumer. The constantly price war will make commodity prices approached the cost. Consumers can buy more high-quality products at lower price. In order to attract more potential customers, companies will enhance their brand reputation, service quality and technology to meet the consumers' requirements. Meanwhile, it can promote the whole industry to improve and progress. So as I say, this may be the reason why apple products are so popular in the world. References Babcock, C. (2012). Apple beats competition with design – and design patents. InformationWeek.Retrieved from http://www. informationweek. com/hardware/handheld/apple-beats- competition-with-design-and/240006830? pgno=1%E3%80%81 DigiTimes. (2010). Apple’s iPad pricing causes disarray for PC tablet manufacturers. Retrieved from http://www. digitimes. com/news/a20100129PD217. html Pachal, P. (2012). Nine stunning examples of the new iPad's retina display. Mashable. Retrieved from http://mashable. com/2012/03/16/retina-display- examples/ Yarow, J. (2012). Iphone5 opening weekend sales come in worse than expected. BUSINESS INSIDER. Retrieved from http://www. businessinsider. com/ Iphone-5-sales-opening-weekend-2012-9

Business and Corporate Level Strategies for Honda Motors Company Assignment - 4

Business and Corporate Level Strategies for Honda Motors Company - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that Honda started looking for new markets outside of Japan only a few years after it was founded. The founder believed that the company should always maintain an international viewpoint, looking at the rest of the world as the potential market base and factory footprint. As such, Honda, unlike its competitors, looks to localize rather than globalizing. This means that it allows its subsidiaries all over the globe to function as autonomous companies that design and produce vehicles and motorcycles according to local conditions and consumer needs. Honda is not a top-down organization that is controlled by the headquarters. Honda combines engineering, design, and manufacturing in each large company in the countries with its subsidiaries whereas other companies tend to keep research and design close to home where they are managed by executives who do not understand local circumstances and preferences. Honda has embraced the idea of paradox as a means of promoting critical thinking and re-assessing common wisdom and to shape new responses to ingrained expectations. The company prides itself on a knowledge-rich organization and putting the demand on its workers at all levels to engage in strategic thinking which is crucial towards its success. Honda holds the daily meeting with the employees, Waigaya, as the meetings are referred as to where decisions either large or small are re-evaluated and re-assessed to find the best tactical solutions to challenges both present and imminent. Honda, unlike other companies, does not rely on using robots and alternative automation as a means of retaining productivity and minimizing costs. The company only engages robots in areas that are considered dangerous and unsafe for human beings. The presence of machines de-motivates the workers and therefore disengages their enthusiasm for the job. Innovation according to Honda also is reduced when robots and machines are engaged rather than human involvement. That level of technology is set to a limit that the machines can achieve as compared to human creativity that is not limited like that of the machines. This is a good enough reason to appreciate that the capability of the mind of humans supersedes that of the machines, especially in creativity and improvement.

Working conditions in the uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Working conditions in the uk - Essay Example However, to qualify an unemployed person one need to have the willingness and ability to work, officially designated to be in the category of ‘working age’, actively seeking a job. Unemployment for the youth is one of those contentious political issues which are also acting as a burden for the people leading their life through it. According to international Labour Organization, around 73 million young people are still unemployed which is having a significant impact on the global economy and is literally turning into a global concern (Martin, 2014). The graph above clearly shows that the level of youth unemployment is increasing at a steady pace. The reasons for the increasing unemployment rate vary across the national context. As a result of that it is difficult to track one single cause for which the rate of youth unemployment is continuously fluctuating. In this paper, the focus will be on the youth employment level of UK and the same will be analyzed from the point of view of the government and through moral frameworks. In UK, the age bracket for qualifying as an unemployed youth it is 18-25 years. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) found that presently the total numbers of unemployed youth in UK is around 950,000 people and it accounts to almost 23% of the total qualified youth people (Mount, 2013). One of the biggest distressing facts is that the number is too high when compared with the other nations of European Union such as Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and Belgium. The high levels of youth unemployment in UK have led some of the media commentators and politicians to talk about â€Å"the lost generation† (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Work and Pensions Committee, 2012). Some of the key consequences of youth unemployment is it lowers the potential wages. Apart from that it also increases the probability of a worker experiencing unemployment during the adulthood period. Some of the industry

Discussion board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion board reply - Assignment Example I believe that organizations should open the jobs for everyone by removing the restricting clause of age. This would promote equal opportunities for people from diverse background and help recruitment officers get the best applicant for the job. It is incorrect to say that target recruiting zeroes in on those select applicants most likely to possess the skill, knowledge and interest needed for the job openings because there are better and fairer ways to recruit applicants who fit best to the job (Bagley, Dalton * Ortegren, 2013). Online job application is one of the most effective ways of advertising the job and getting applications from applicants from diverse background who may fit the job specification. Moreover, online advertising also facilitates screening and calling for interviews only those candidates who fulfill job specifications. Target recruitment promotes discriminatory practices and therefore should be avoided by organizations. In the current times of rising unemployment, target recruitment deprives eligible candidates of the job opportunities. As such, it should not be encouraged and government should come up with stringent measures to dissuade the practice of target

HRM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

HRM - Research Paper Example ional human resource in Kaiser Permanente has put several measures in place to ensure that both internal and external laws are enforced in a very effective and appropriate way. This plays a very vital role in ensuring that good relationship is maintained in the entire organization and to the extended environment. On the other hand the organizations has several policies which are put in place to ensure that the organization’s goals and objectives are fully achieved. However, for the goals to be met the policies of Kaiser Permanente must be fully implemented. Decisions made in the organization can be borrowed from the transnational scope which implies that Kaiser as an organization can make its decisions on international scope (Harris 98). On the other hand the organization also makes its decisions basing on a worldwide perspective but not on a local perspective. The style of management is also another ideal secret to successful growth of Kaiser. As an organization it has put in place measures to ensure that all leaders or heads of different department are qualified and able to manage the duties of the department bestowed to them. On the other hang the human resource management strategies should put measures in place to ensure that the style of management suits each and every employee within the organization. This enables all the works to discharge their duties effectively and efficiently. However the challenge arises when it comes to coming up with the suitable way of catering for every employee irrespective of the country they come from. The other feature of good leadership in this organization is prevalence several managers from different places of the world therefore the services offered by this managers is commendable (Harzing and Ruysseveldt 45). Multicultural way of operation has also be embraced to ensure than not only the demotic people get employed but also people from the international world, however the core principle of international human resource

Reason in Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reason in Philosophy - Term Paper Example Reason in Philosophy Thus, philosophers even criticize what has being existing for many years’ Mummies have being f found to cry successfully thus, creating a senses of immoral and deceiving people about true world. On the other hand of reasoning, philosophers learn to be moral so as to free themselves from deception of senses. On the other hand, Heraclitus is considered to be highly respected. Thus, he holds in multiplicity of change while others rejected it. This was due to solidity and unity of other opposing members. According Heraclitus, the testimony that introduced lies in the way the Eleatics believed. Arguing the lie of unity and like of thing hood of permanence thus rejecting the testimony. More so, they derived reason for fake the testimony of the senses. Insofar as the senses show becoming, passing away and change they do not lie. Unlike Heraclitus remain right with his statement that being is an empty invention. Therefore, in real world the true world is always accompanied by a lie. R easoning also addresses the magnificent instruments of observation which overlook the logic of which are posed in our senses. Various weak instruments are in position to sense tiny chemical concentrations that even avoid spectroscope. Nowadays possessions of science have contributed to an extent to which new innovation and ideas are incubated. Thus, applied logic has been considered not to be reality even when solving problems with the recommended signs. The other characteristic of philosophers consist of confusing the last and the first of any subject. Additionally, believe in a concept that ought to have similar start and end. This shows the way of respect thus, origin of something is considered an opposition of questioning of value. Consequently, all the concepts which has being absolute the good, the true, the perfect thus they become cause. In turn, to conclude philosophers arrive to an amazing concept which is always the last thing in their subject (Friedrich14) On the other h and, is contrast which conceives the problem of error and appearance, thus alteration of the past which leads to proof of mere appearance to the philosopher? In addition the suggestion that lead to something which is lost.In contrast, nowadays prejudices of reason forces individuals unity, identity, caught error, so as to certain the basis of rigorous examination where error lies. The other case is when philosopher advocates of error thus individual language is used. Hence, elementary psychology which come in the realm of crude fetishism when summon prior to consciousness, the basic belief of metaphysics of language. Philosophy of reasoning can also be reduced in four theses. First proposition which outline world as apparent thus representing the reality thus, other kind of reality is completely indemonstrable. On the other front, the principle that has being granted on the true being of things that are not reality. The third proposition is inventing of fables about a world of †˜other ‘that has no meaning at all unless an instinct against life. Consequently, human being gained an upper hand for better life. Fourth proposition bring distinction between a true and an apparent world whether in Christian manner or in the way an unhanded Christian. In the case of appearance, it explain reality more only by way o f assortment and support. How The ‘True World’ Finally Became A Fable. According philosopher’s true world has attainable for the sage thus, the pious and virtuous

Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment Essay

Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS-R) Assignment - Essay Example The scale of space and furnishings, personal daily care and routine, listening and talking, activities, interaction, program structure and parents and staff are seven aspects to be evaluated in this study. According to the scale, it observes children in a kindergarten. Through improving the quality of the learning environment, education programs for children with special needs in a regular class are better implemented. I first arrived at Kidango Decoto Center, a child care facility for toddlers, located at Union City. The head-teachers and supervisors name of the center is called Catalina Garcia. I observed a classroom, which the age range is between eighteen months old and three years old, and the center has four teachers and sixteen children. This observation lasted about three hours in the morning, from 9:00 am up until 12:00 pm. On this morning, my observation was specifically to use the infant-toddler environment rating scale to assist in my evaluation. Students were arriving in the classroom at around 8:30 am, and they were offered breakfast. After the breakfast around 9:15 am, all the students got in their respective the classrooms. They were engaging in free play time where there were prepared games, crafts and interacted with their teachers and classmates. I was seated in the classrooms corner, where the children could not easily see me, and this observation needed not to be distracted by my presence in the classroom. Childhood is a curious, imaginative, energetic, adventurous age. Therefore, health and safety is the primary factor, in the kindergarten classroom environment settings. Secondly, the class should give the children, the same feeling as home. Let the children feel that they are here to master thoroughly. By setting the environment, teachers should ask themselves, what valuable things they want to pass to the children. They should also

International Relation Essay Example for Free

International Relation Essay The writing of Nicholas Kristof offers an objective and practical insight into one of the lease understood and one of the most ignored regions in world-Africa. Unlike many arm chair theorists, Kristof has personally made a number of detours of Africa, especially its violence torn regions, notably Darfur in Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Liberia, seen the devastation wrecked by years of conflict, met the victims, listened their tales, and took their stories to international audience. However, unlike many reporters, Kristof’s stories do not end with the tales of the victims, but they involve readers by raising the question of individual actions on readers’ part. The images and narrations that subtly form the watermark of Kristof’s canvas continue to remind readers that while governments across the world would try to approach the problem from political consideration, the human crisis and tragedy unfolding in African regions also necessitates participation by international citizens. In several of this blogs Kristof makes it clear that participation doesn’t imply people taking the first flight to Africa-it’s about creating a sense of solidarity and unity about the cause, creating a notion of identification, and inspiring people with the idea that something should be done. Action, Kristof maintains, comes quite later; and even when it comes, it may not be the direct action. However, once people reach a collective level of thought and idea, they are better positioned to create the platform for the action. Kristof brings out the daily landscape of war ravished African towns, uprooted people, and broken societies and culture simply, but very realistically and powerfully. His writing is not about convincing people of what he has seen or experienced, but rather of allowing them to experience his experiences. Gradually, building a continuous series of small insights, events, narrations, stories, Kristof takes readers to the depth of his observation, and the Africa, which most of his readers have only seen in images, movies and news, assumes a living shape, speaking to the readers through its people whom Kristof meets and interviews. The vagueness lifts and we see real people living through some of the most difficult situations imaginable, and yet maintaining the semblance of life, order, and ordinary hope in their endeavor to construct as stable a future as the circumstances allow them. Through Kristof work we also get a taste of what developed nations are doing or pretending to do in Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Chad, and various other countries that are locked in vicious conflict. As it appears the network and coordination among global organizations, particularly UN and individuals appears to be more effectual that aid programs and campaigns run by European and American governments. The amount of aid and help, although promised in hundreds of millions of dollars and Euros, hardly make to the people who would need it most. And yet, life moves on in Africa. And it is this depiction of movement, constant change, and readiness to accept even the most challenging circumstances, upheavals and uncertainties and assimilate them as a daily part of life and move ahead, that makes Kristof’s work on Africa significant and vital from every social and political aspect. Africa For a very considerable time Africa had been called the ‘Dark Continent’. This term, if analyzed closely, is not a reflection upon Africa, but upon the rest of the world, who could not, or rather did not peer into a whole and huge continent. Thus when the world called Africa as Dark continent, it was admittance of their own ignorance and lack of knowledge about the place, that in all probability was the origin of humankind. Africa consist of 53 independent countries today, and numerous tribes, ethnic communities and cultures, which are spread from the extent of Sahara desert to the deep recess of equatorial rain forests. By western standards, Africa is not developed and advanced, which is surprising considering the fact that for a larger part of previous couple of centuries, a considerable portion of Africa was colonized by various European powers. Today our understanding of Africa has widened considerably, thanks to dedicated explorers, researchers, aid and charity workers, and of course media. However, if we try to put this understanding in different compartments of knowledge, the images and visions making up the almost the entire picture constitute of a poverty-stricken, war ravished, famished, diseased, illiterate, and generally suffering population which is looking towards rest of the world for help and aid. Indeed these images are not doctored and they do represent the reality that they want to convey; however, it is vital to understand that real as they are, the images, videos and clips that we see on news channels, books and books form only a part of the vast reality of Africa. The northern provinces of Africa exhibit cultural influence of both Asia and Europe, with their geographical proximity to both these continents. Countries situated near the equator have a rich blend of tribal and semi urban cultural influence. Within previous 50 years, many of the countries have made remarkable progress, such as Cameroon, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, and Uganda among many others. However, there is a the bitter reality of intense regional conflict, tribal clashes and war that has deeply afflicted several major countries of Africa, the notable among them being Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Chad. Decades of conflict in these regions have claimed millions of lives, and created an international humanitarian crisis of a magnitude that is often compared to the crisis of Jews during the Second World War. Unfortunately the international knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of Africa and its people is extremely limited and dependent upon only the eye catching events that occur there. In the recent decades, much of the Africa has been projected from suffering through political stability, collapse of the law and order, war, famine, and tribal conflict. These images and stories persuade people to drop Africa from their travel itinerary; Africa is never considered in the same way as Europe, Australia or Asia Pacific countries are considered.

An Overview Of Servlets And JSP Technology Computer Science Essay

An Overview Of Servlets And JSP Technology Computer Science Essay JDBC is a front-end tool for connecting to a server and is similar to ODBC however, JDBC can connect only Java client and it uses ODBC for the connectivity. JDBC is essentially a low level application programming interface. It is called a low level API since any data manipulation, storage and retrieval has to be done by the program itself. Some tools that Provide a higher level of abstraction is expected shortly. The next question is why we need JDBC, once we have ODBC on hand. We can use the ODBC to connect to all the databases and ODBC is a proven technology. Problem for doing this is ODBC gives a C language API, which uses pointer extensively, since Java open JDBC to suit its needs. Jdbc Driver Tipes There are various types of driver, identified the sun such that each one has some unique features and facilitates a connection to the database. JDBC drivers fit into of four categories: The JDBC-ODBC bridge provides JDBC access via most ODBC drivers. Note that some ODBC binary code and in many cases database client code should be loaded on every client machine which uses this diver, so these types of drivers are more suitable in corporate networks, or for the applications in server code that is written in java 3-tier architecture. A local-API partly-java driver change JDBC calls to the client API for DBMS or oracle Sybase Informix DB2.since,like bridge driver these driver needs binary code be loaded on every client machine. A net protocol all java drivers explain JDBC calls into a DBMS-independent net protocol that transforms to a DBMS protocol through the server. This net server middleware is capable to join all java clients to different databases. The explicit protocol that is used depends on the seller. Commonly it is the easiest JDBC alternative. It is like the sellers for this solution may provide products that are suitable for the usage of intranet. To support internet access for these products they must need more extra requirements for security, access through firewalls, etc. many vendors are now adding up JDBC driver for their present database middleware products. A native protocol driver Jdbc Architecture JDBC architecture is as follows JDBC Driver Manager JDBC Diver JDBC-ODBC Bridge Application JDBC Driver Manager Function of the driver manager is to find out available driver in the system and connect the application to the appropriate database, whenever a connection is requested. However, to help the driver manager identify different types of drivers, each driver should be registered with the driver manager. JDBC Driver: Function of the JDBC driver is to accept the SQL calls from the application and convert them into native calls to the database,. However, in this process it may take help from some other drivers or even servers, which depends on the type of JDBC driver we are using. It also is possible that the total functionally of the database server could be built into the driver itself. JDBC ODBC Bridge: Sun soft provides a special JDBC Driver called JDBC-ODBC bridge which can be used to connect any existing database, that is ODBC complaint. Servlet and JSP technology has become the technology of choice for developing online stores, interactive Web applications, and other dynamic Web sites. Why? This chapter gives a high-level overview of the reasons for its popularity. Later chapters specific details on programming techniques. A Servlets Job Servlet or java programs which run on application servers, acts as middle layer among the requests coming from http Clients or web browsers and applications or database on the http server. Their work is to work on the following tasks. Reading the use full information that is sent by the client. The users generally enter this data in http from a web page. Even the data can also be expected to come from an applet or custom http client program. Chapter 4 discusses how servlet read this data. Reading HTTP requests sent by the browser. This single arrow shows that travelling from the client to the web server, but mainly they are two different types, the data which is entered by the user in a form and the other one is behind-the-scenes HTTP information, both of them are very important. The HTTP information which contain cookies, news about media and the schemes the browser can understand like compression. Getting the results. This process is needed for ,database to contact, to make an RMI or EJB call, to raise a web service or working on replied data which is in a relational database. But the database may not run on http or return results in html, so that the web browser cannot directly deal with the database. Even if it could, for security reasons, you probably would not want it to. This argument even can apply for other applications, so we need the middle layer to get the arriving data from http stream for the applications to insert the results in the document. . Sending the useful data to the clients: The document can send in different formats like (XML OR HTML), binary (GIF images), or in zip files that is layered on top of other underlying format. Though HTML is a common format, servlet /JSP task is to cover the results of HTML. Send the implicit HTTP response data. This explains about only an arrow leaving from the web middle layer (the servlet or JSP page) to the client. But there are two types of data sent the document alone and last the scenes HTTP information. But these two types can affect the development, by sending the HTTP data to the server or by setting cookies and caching parameter and others. Features of JSP JSP provides an attractive alternative to other dynamic scripting language by offering the following features: Platform independence: The use of adds versatility to a web application by enabling its execution on any computer. Enhanced performance: The compilation process in JSP produces faster results or output. Separation of logic from display: The use of JSP permits the HTML-specific static content and a mixture of HTML, Java, and JSP-specific dynamic content to be placed in separate fillies. Ease of administration The use of JSP eliminates the need for high-level technical expertise, thereby helping web developers, content creators, and content managers to work together and develop Java-based applications in less time and with less effort. Ease of use: All JSP applications run on major web server and operating systems, including Microsoft IIS, Netscape enterprise server, I Planet web server, and apache web server. These applications are available on Windows NT, windows 2000, and solaris7. Competing Products across Platforms: Competing products include active server pages (ASP), hypertext pre processor(PKP) and Java script. JSP versus ASP: ASP is the immediate competing technology from Microsoft. The dynamic content of JSP is written in Java, in contrast to that of ASP, which is written using an ASP-specific language, such as VBScript. As a result, complex applications can use the power of Java to result and embed Java components in JSP applications, second, JSP is portable to other operating systems and servers in contrast to the allegiance of ASP to windows NT/2000and IIS. JSP versus PHP: PHP is similar to ASP and JSP to a certain extent. PHP is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded, server-side scripting language, with basic HTML knowledge, however, a VBScript programmer can write ASP applications and a Java programmer can create JSP applications, whereas PHP requires learning an entirely new language, second by virtue if the power of Java, JSP has access to an extensive API for networking, database access, and objects distribution. JSP Objects its Scopes In JSP there are two types of objects. Implicit objects Explicit objects Implicit objects are automatically created. Explicit objects are created using actions. Whenever a request has been made for a JSP PAGE, JSP page will create two types of objects. They are: Implicit objects Explicit objects Implicit objects are automatically created by the JSP web developers can use this objects for their processing. Explicit objects are created thought actions. Scripting code is used to create these explicit objects. Every explicit object has some visible attribute. Scripting elements can access the explicit objects thought scripting-level variables. JSP defines several scopes for JSP objects. Objects Scopes: JSP defines several scopes for objects. Scopes are used to indicate the context in which the bean should be made available. Four types of scopes. They are: 1. Page 2. Request 3. Application 4. Session While process the request, the JSP page can create and /or the some Java objects. Scopes are used to indicate the context in which the dean should be made available in JSP there are four scopes are available. They are: Page: It is the default scopes for all the Java objects. It is used to indicate that the objects are only available on the current page. Once the response is sent back or the request is forwarded somewhere else all the object reference, which has the page scope, will be released object that contains Page scope is stored in the page Content object of the current page. Request: The request scope is used to indicate that the objects are only available for the current client request. If the request is forwarded to a resource in the same runtime, the Object is still available. Once the request is processed, all the object reference, which has the request scope, will be released. Objects that contain request scope will be released. Object references that contain request scope are stored in the request Object. Session: The session scope indicates that the available to all pages during the life of the current session. All references to the objects shall be released after the associated session ends. References to objects with session scope are stored in the session objects associated with the page activation. Application: The application scope indicates that it is available to all pages that share the same context object references which contain the application scope will be released when the runtime environment reclaims the servlet context objects references that contain the application scope are stored are stored in the application objects associated with the page activation. Directives And Actions: JSP elements can be directives or actions. Directives elements provide global information for the translation phase. Actions elements provide for the request-processing phase. New action can be created from the tag extension mechanism. JSP: Elements can be directives or actions. Directive elements are used to provide global information, which is not dependent for any specific received by the JSP page. For example directive elements can be used to include the external file inside the JSP PAGE. Action elements provide information, which is dependent on the details of the specific request received by the JSP page. Directive elements provide information for the compilation/translation phase. Action can create some objects and may make available to the scripting element. Action elements follow the syntax of XML elements. JSP contains a tag extension mechanism that enables the addition of new actions. Because of the mechanism JSP can b easily portable. Actions can be customized to provide access to the attribute values and to their body. Custom action be nested and their bodies can include scripting elements. ODBC: Two distinct ways to access ODBC data sources with DAO the Microsoft Jet database engine DBC direct Microsoft jet provides a broad range of functionality. It handles many of the details of establishing and managing connection, translating queries into a form acceptable to the server, and managing returned data in some cases, if you want to bypass the micro soft Jet database engine and use DAO to make calls directly to the ODBC driver manager. This functionality is available through ODBC Direct. The following steps offer a quick start to accessing ODBC data: Use the ODBC data source manager in the windows control panel to setup your ODBC data source and assign it a data Source name (DSN) In your Visual Basic code, set an ODBC connect string that references the data source. The connect string is used to establish a connection to the data source Create a new table def object and set its connect string to the value specified in step two. Append the table to the table defs collection Open a record-set object on the linked table. This record-set 7. Object contains data in your OBDC data source and you can manipulate it using the properties and methods of a record-set object.